Hrm- Evaluation of Training

International Research Journal of finance and political economy ISSN 1450-2887 riposte 37 (2010) EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010 http//www. eurojournals. com/finance. htm Methods of Evaluation teach Techniques Mahmoud M. AL-Ajlouni Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Business Administration Irbid National University, Irbid Jordan E-mail emailprotected com Salah M. H Athamneh Assistant Professor, Deptt. Humanities Jordan University of acquaintance and technology Irbid, Jordan Abdulnaser A.Jaradat Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Marketing Irbid National University, Irbid, Jordan Abstract The Evaluation of whatsoever prepargon weapons platformme has trusted aims to fulfill. These argon concerned with the de experimental conditionination of motley in the constitutional fashion and the change indispensabilityed in the transcriptional structure. Hence military rating of each raising program must pronounce us whether the prep architectural plan has been able to deliver the g oals and objectives in considerations of cost incurred and benefits achieved.The analysis of the breeding is the concluding lay outer of any paygrade platform. The analysis of info should be summarized and then comp bed with the entropy of different cooking create by mental acts resembling nature. On the fanny of these comparisons, problems and strength should be identified which would help the flight simulator in this future develop programs, to stop short of completion of the readiness dodges design methodology, by avoiding the evaluation,our preparedness effectiveness is reneging on our trueness to our students.The future requests to a greater extent precise, reliable evaluation strategies, we like to think of bringing up effectiveness evaluation in the same way that we think of surveillance tests in the plant, we perform instruction effectiveness evaluations to en current our programmes turn efficaciously. Key rowing Training Programme, On the-Job-Traini ng, Off-the-Job-Training, Training Techniques,Evaluation Methods. IntroductionIn the modern com mystifyer era instruction has gained the reputation of dynamic opinion which postulate to be dumb in that perspective close of the modern organization which do not reply to the dynamic change that are seen in changed environment may well fail to respond to the needs of organization and state. Hence organization virtually needs to aspire to respond to the change in the environment. International Research Journal of pay and economic science Issue 37 (2010) 57 These changes may be concerned with organizational or individual behavior may be concerned with the structural change.Training is genius of most distinguished and effective heart of bringing ab protrude change in an organization. Training is system which feed the needs. Skills. And knowledge of the people working in the organization these skills and knowledge are acquired to fulfill a specify purpose or goal. Concept of Training Training has been defined by a piece of scholars and trainers like Change eonnts. Some of the definitions are as follows According to Fllippo the act of change magnitude the skills of an employee for doing a fact Job support be termed as training. Similarly Steinmetz has observed. Training is a term butt utilizing a systematic and organized procedure by which non-personnel hires technical knowledge and skills for a definite purpose. 2 From the above definitions it scum bag asserted training is a technique concerned with the development of skills and knowledge in cross actor discipline. Training enhances and improves persons skills. Imparts knowledge to change persons attitudes and posit towards a particular direction. William G. Torpey has defined training as the process of developing skills. Habits.Knowledge and attitudes in employees for the purpose of increasing effectiveness of employees in their present government positions as well as preparing employees f or future government positions. 3 The above definition of training is ground on impudence that all training is not inevitable and all training is not beneficial. Training is a technique which meetly foc phthisiss and direct towards the achievement of particular goals and objectives of the organization. Hence designation of training needs is first base and probably the most important step towards the identification of training techniques.The process of identifying training needs is care plentifuly thought forth programme that needs to be carried out with sensitivity because success of a training programme may be crucial for the excerption of the organization. Objectives of training must be resolute to pave way for the assertion of proper techniques of training. Training is imparted to people in organization with certain defined objectives and goals. However it must be remembered that the goals and objectives of organization differ to a great extent. Hence the defined objecti ves of a training programme should be assessed in the light of the goals of that organization.In 1944. Assheton perpetration stated the objectives of training in the following manner 4 (a) It endeavors to produce a civil handmaiden whose precision and clarity in the transaction of transmission line fuel be taken for granted. (b) It helps attuning the civil servant to the task he is called upon to perform in a changing world. It in other words helps him to modify his out estimate and methods to the changing needs of late snip. (c) It saves the civil servant from becoming a robot like mechanically perfect civil servant. He is made cognisant of his work and the attend that he is call for to render to his community. d) It not exclusively enables an individual to perform his current work more efficiently unless also fits him for other duties. It develops in him capacity for higher work and greater responsibilities. (e) It pays substantial regard to rung moral as latter pr evail to perform tasks of a routine character throughout their lives. Bhagwan and Bhushan produce also identified the following objectives of training 5 (a) For the procedure certain peculiar activities pertaining to the government training plays a signifi tail endt part. 58International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 37 (2010) (b) Training helps the employees to change state people oriented and inculcates in them respect and regard for general public. (c) It broadens the vision and widens the outlook of the employees by explaining to them to plant substantial contribution towards realization. (d) It is vital to a career service. It lists them for advancement which is assured to the employees when they join the government service at young age. (e) It improves the lone and adds to the quality of organization.Since it enhances the efficiency of the employees and develops their capacities. The efficiency and prestige of the department goes up. (f) It fosters homog eneity of out look and esprit de crops in the employees. Identification of Training Needs Training is a specialized function. Hence trainer must know exactly what is indispensable from the training programme in accordance to the identified tools cloth techniques processes are identified in designing and implementing efficient effective timely and productive training programmes for those who require it.Training needs also determine the nature of training program. Formulation of training program includes those factors that are colligate to the evaluation of the program in terms of techniques and skills set up be properly take oned. Any training program must take into consideration three first harmonic behavioral aspectsOrganization, people, and environment as cold as organization are concerned their survival rests on a certain minimum achievement of goals and objectives which are pre defined to customers owners. Employees. etc. ll these factors are continuously interacting with the organization whose objectives and goals have been formulated so to benefit the members of the organization intermittently The second assumption that needs to taken into consideration is the fact that these objectives can be achieved only through harnessing the abilities of its people. Releasing potential and maximizing opportunities for development. In others words. The achievement of objectives and goals can be effectively and effectively achieved only if people within the organization possess tolerable skills and abilities.If they do not possess the skills and abilities indispensable. the objectives and goals cannot be achieved effectively and effectively achieved only if they do not possess the skills and abilities. if they do not possess the skills and abilities required. The objectives and goals cannot be achieved effectively and efficiently. Hence proper assessment of the abilities and skills of the employees must be considered onwards any training programme is be form ulated . The one-third assumption is to assess the capability potential of the employees. The people who are prosecute in the accomplishment of goals and objectives.In the new perspective, are capable of new training. If the employees do not possess the required potential to adapt themselves to the new environment. The chances of training programs organism a success will be doubtful. The poop assumption about people is concernd with the level of ability and the desire to learn. Training is all about learning. learning organization basically involves people who give away or break organization. the organization should be able to go forth adequate opportunities and resources where people are able to learn through training new concepts. nd techniques of steering. the assumption is also concerned with matching of achieving organizational goals on one hand and on the other providing piquant learning opportunities. the third assumption basically requires that the programmers of tr aining should be so designed so as to set aside learning opportunities that are effective and efficient. the objective of training is fulfill the individual needs of the employees and that of the organization as well . The fifth assumption is concerned with the environment variable. In a dynamic situation.Environment continues to put new pressures and demands upon the system even if it is for survival only. Because of liberalization, competition has become severe and public sector as well private sector has to compete with each other in order to stay a viable entity. Hence changes in the environment can International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 37 (2010) 59 no more be overlooked but need to understood and adapted to. The need for training, therefore, becomes inevitable. Once it is established that need for training is a necessity. The question arises what type of training is required to meet the three challenges.Another important question that comes to mind is whether the training programmed is able to change the digit of behavior for which it was trained and how effectiveness is will be measured. Before discussing venous types of techniques of evaluation. A close look at various types of training methods will be locked into. With regard to people working in the organization needs and aspiration of the people must be properly evaluated. Specification of training needs room translating the needs of people into specific needs and achieving those aspirations by training programmers.Basic idea behind this evaluation is to hazard organization learning organization. According to Senge. Where people continually expand their capacity to create results they truly desire. Where new and expansive paupers are nurtured. Where hoard upive aspiration is set free. And where people are continually learning how to learn together. 6 Factors Influencing Training Needs Organizations are analyzable and dynamic in nature and their effectiveness depends on number of factors. Complexity of organization is again a multi sceneted implication of various factors being laid by various environmental factors.Hence the nature of complexity of a given organization needs to be evaluated before determining its training needs. Some of the factors that increase complexity are being discussed keeping in view that all are not determinants of complexity for all organization. Technology in the computer age is being upgraded frequently and hence is the most important factors in increasing the complexity of an organization .. structurally as well as behaviorally. According of Frances and Bee. Technology is changing an ever increasing rate. Todays state of-the-art computer is tomorrows junk. Robot assembly pants.Laser printers. Transplant and genetic surgery wherever the workplace whatever the task. There progresss to be a proficient solution for everything. 7 The technological changes are influencing the basic settings of organization. The technologi cal changes are not only concerned with the structure or gadgets of an organization but these changes also incline the behavioral aspect of the very people who are working in the organization. However people do not usually change in technology and its environment. Change can be brought about in a smooth manner only through training techniques.Another important factor that needs to be taken into consideration is concerned with brotherly changes that are taking place in the new social environment. For most organization internal compilations are margin to change in the computer age. People from different lynchpingrounds, women. People from various nations will from the work potency of modern organizations. With increasing diversity in the culture. The organizations are bound to receive culture shock. Organization with their exiting format will not be in position to draw and quarter this culture shock.The change agent will be playing an important habit in providing assign traini ng to absorb culture shock. The third factor that has enamourd training needs is colligate the new role that the government are being asked to play. The governments are being asked to play sensitive role of controlling the blood ethical activities on one hand and safeguarding the interests of consumer on the other. In the era of privatization and globalization. The governments are formulating legislation to ease business activity both public and private as well as safeguarding the consumer interest.Thus managers and CEOs need to be acquainted to the new legislation that are being enacted from time to time. The fourth factor that has influenced the training needs is the emerging competitive market Conditions. It may be asserted that the public and private sector, even in monopolistic conditions. Have to face competition. The pertinent question is whether the new market situation will force the 60 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 37 (2010) organizatio n to go in for training as they are going to face new marketing situations in the times to come.Will the new emerging conditions give rise to pressure concourses that have henceforth not been seen in the business world. Basically organizations are going to face situations that are the result of competitive markets and development of consumerism. Many of the managers in the public and private sector could not possibly have been oriented towards these new situations. Hence need f training is unavoidable. The fifth factor influencing the training needs related to internal management of an organization. internally organizations are going to face new dilemmas and problems.Business needs are fulfilled by the human resources that be within the framework of internal structure. Any strategic plan which does not take this fact into vizor is bound to face numerous problems. There will be a continuous pressure on the organization to improve performance. Human resources, like managers, worker s, staff, and others, have to be kept up to date in expertise and at the same times need to be motivated to perform better. This is a ticklish task which cannot be handled by the staff of the organization. Experts called change agents are required to fulfill the task.Training needs cannot be overlooked because it is an on going process. In addition. Training is now considered a specialized function to be performed by the experts. Techniques of Training The object of this paper is not to discuss various techniques of training. Hence training techniques are being short listed for the purpose of their identification for evaluation purpose. However we would like to throw light on most of modern techniques of training. Some of the training techniques that are often used for reeducation purpose are 1. On the-job- training. 2. Demonstration. 3. Job instruction training. 4. Vestibule training. 5.Apprenticeship. 6. Coaching Understudy. 7. Job rotation. 8. Lectures and conferences. 9. Syndi cate. 10. Simulation training. 11. Role playing. 12. In-basket exercise. 13. Management game. 14. sensitivity training. 15. Transactional analysis. 16. Organization development. A detailed discussion of these techniques can be referred to many text books. 8 here(predicate) we would like to discuss some of the training techniques that are considered by the experts as essential for improving the performance of organization in competitive situations. Diversity training is becoming highly important for the organizations that are complex in nature.The work force of these enterprises is divers in nature. Various respective(a) group from different ethnical and social background join one institution and thus submerging various cultural into one. The diverse work force has to be trained so as to provide some from of commonality. Various methods are adopted to provide diversity training. According to Fred Luthans one method of divers training involves putting trainees into groups based on ethnic origin. Then each group is asked to describe the others and listen to the way its own group is described. 9 Another methods of diversity training has been stated in the following manner.International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 37 (2010) 61 Another widely used approach is diversity gameboard games. Which require the participants to answer questions related to areas such as gender. Race cultural differences. Age issues. Sexual orientation. And disabilities. On the basis of the response, the games players are able to advance on the board or are forced to back up. 10 The objectives of theses types of games are to acquaint the players in a non threatening manner with legal rules and restrictions regarding how to manage members of the diverse groups.The third method of divers training concerned with participant focus on cultural issues such how to interact with personal from other countries. It may be added that many of the training programmers related to d ivers work force also use other training programmes. 11 Methods of Evaluation of Training Programmes It is extremely important to assess the result of any training programme. The participant must be made aware of the goals and objectives of the training program and on completion of the training program, they should be asked about the impact of the concerned training programme.Evaluation of any program is a difficult task and more so of a training program. The first step toward evaluation of a training program is to define the goals and objectives of the training program. These goals and objectives should be stated in such format so that they can be measured statistically. Also both the trainer and the trainees most be well acquainted with there role in the training programme. In the evaluation of any training program. The first requirement is to collect valid and reliable data. The required data can be compile by using the fowling techniques. 2 1. ego assessments answer sheets. 2 . Question confronted by the trainees. 3. Assessing the collected cultivation and observation. 4. Final result based on earlier information plus the new data individually method of data accumulation has its advantages and disadvantages. Which need to taken into consideration. The merits and demerits of each method are as follows. Merits of Self Assessment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The cost factor is quite low. Data can easily collected. Time consumption of the trainer and trainee is negligible. Outside interference is completely avoided.Effective relationships develop between the trainee. Well designed answer sheet can produce healthy results . Demerits of Self Assessment 1. Self assessment is basically self evaluation which can be based of biased responses. The assessment must have enough reliability so as to draw right decisiveness in regard to individual assessment. 2. The responses given by the trainees can be based on misrepresentation or misinterpretation of the questions asked. Th us self assessment questions should be gnomish and easy to understand . in addition . no information should be sleeked which will embarrass the trainees. . The information provided by the trainees cannot be evaluated in terms of their correctness. All the trainees do not prefer to give the required information lest it may be used against at any point of time. All these problems can be easily solved. Self assessment is basically adhered to by all the training programs. However what is important to consider is to make proper effective use of this 62 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 37 (2010) technique as the trainees provide valuable information which the trainer can use to formulate training strategy.The second requirement for evaluating a training programme is concerned with the evaluation of the training programme when part of the training programme has been completed. The time factor must be decided before the programme is initiated and the evaluatio n criteria must be determined before the training programme begins. The first evaluation will give adequate information to the trainers whither the programme moving toward write direction. At the same time trainees will be able to assess the value of the program in terms of its needs and usefulness.It is extremely important to realize whether the trainees have understood the need and importance of the training programme. As this stage adequate data should be collected from the trainees to make proper evaluation of the training programme. The collect data, interview and questionnaire methods can be most effective. Interviews can be conducted by seeking information face to face, by means of telephone, or by other strategies like group discussions etc. Each of these methods has its own merits and demerits. Merits of Interviews 1. Face to face interviews ensures some response. If any responses need to be clarified.The trainer can do so instantly. Similarly if the trainees exigency any clarification, the same can do immediately. This helps in ensuring correct information. 2. As far telephone interviews are concerned though there is lack of personnel touch. The trainee does not feel the pressure of the interviewer to give answers that get the trainer. The trainer can answer all those question that are complex in nature. These answers have far more validity as the responses are without any pressure. Demerits of Interviews 1. The interview is a lengthy and costly process as it requires trained and skilled personal to get results that are reliable. . Another important drawback is the possibility of the trainer being involved in the interview. 3. Data collected through interview methods may be out of date and hence difficult to interpret. Merits and Demerits of Questionnaire Questionnaires in one form or another do appear in all kinds of research and surveys. Hence it is extremely vital that the questionnaire is framed with utmost care so that it measures the variable in exactly the way it has been designed for. Once the initial design has been properly framed, a pre _ test must be conducted to find out whether the questions mean the same thing to the trainer and the trainee.If establish inappropriate, the questionnaire should be redesigned and a pilot survey should be conducted. If found appropriate. Full survey should be conducted and if found inappropriate the questionnaire should be redesigned again. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire should be properly evaluated before going in for full survey. In regard to collection of data. It may be observed,As with any method of data collection it is vital to plan how the data is to be collected. However with this method, since it does not usually involve the design of some sort of formal survey instrument such as questionnaire.It is all to easy to leap straight person in without a plan. This can lead to a considerable waste of time and without a plan. This can lead to a considerable w aste of time and even worse the wrong data being collected-so the message is plan and design your desk research in the same way as you would any more formal survey. 13 Thus whatever technique or method we adopt, the validity and reliability of data must be determined. As a matter of fact the trainer must look at three factors to determine the reliability and validity of the collected data. According to Frances and bee, three key aspects must be considered in any evaluation study.These key aspects are as follows. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 37 (2010) 63 The first factor is concerned with the internal stability of an evaluation study. It is concerned with how well the study measures what we want or are aiming to find out. This usually involves the adequacy and justness of the measuring tool. The instrument, used. What needs to be considered is that whatever instruments we use for the purpose of collecting data, we must make sure that the terminolog y being used actually measures the variable that we intend to measure.Whether the instrument be interview or questionnaire, the terms must elicit the kind of information that is required. The second factor is concerned with the external validity. It is concerned with the extent that the findings can be applied bevond the group involved in the study. The conclusions drawn on the basis of collocated should not be applicable only to the group that was the basis of collection of data. On the contrary, the collected data should have the reliability and validity to the extent that its conclusions are applicable to other similar situations. 4 The third factor that needs to be considered is concerned with reliability. The reliability of an evaluation study is the extent to which the results can be replicated, i. e. if the study was repeated the results would be the same. The obvious approach to dealing with this issue is to repeat tests and observations. Also techniques, such as including t he same question but in different forms, using multiple observes, etc. can be helpful. 15 The fourth factor that needs to be taken to evaluate training programme is to conduct and determine reaction level of the trainees in respect of the training programme.The reaction criteria is to be determined in terms of open discussion between the trainers, the trainees, and the management. This will give ample opportunity to the management to ascertain whether or not the training programme is achieving the objectives for which it was organized. This evaluation should be conducted half way of the training period. The reaction criteria tends to inform the trainers whether the training programme is achieving the goals as perceived by the trainers. In other words the trainers come to know the level of happiness and satisfaction of the trainees in regard to the training programme.To ascertain and collect this kind of information, the trainees may be asked to fill a self-complete questionnaire in which the trainees have to choose between a range of alternatives and answer some of the open ended questions. The self-fulfilled questionnaire seeks information in regard to entry instruct whether the objectives of the training programme were achievable and how far have they been useful whether the trainers performance has been satisfactory and the training methods gain the mid term evaluation clears the way of the trainers to reframe the training methodology and cater according to the needs of the trainees.Two fundamental problem need to be assessed in this evaluation process. The first problem is whether information seeked should or should not be collected in the name of trainee. The evaluation as far as accomplishable be anonymous could give, probably, more accurate information than the information collected in the name of the participant. The second related issue is concerned with the venue where the information questionnaire is filled up by the trainee. It is indeed desirab le that the trainee provide information away from the course environment.This mid evaluation can be very helpful in providing a lot of information that is reliable and valid. As a matter of fact mid term evaluation can be very helpful and the cost of collecting such information is not only very low but it also helps the trainees to reframe their training programs accordingly the approach of mid term evaluation allows the trainer to make comparisons between different training programs that were conducted in other organization or that were conducted by the trainer himself.However reaction criteria of mid term evaluation does generate an enormous amount of data analysis. How much of this data is used by the trainer for readjusting the structure of the training program depends on the management, trainer, and the participants. The final exam step in respect of evaluation of training programmes is to assess whether the basic objectives of the training programme have been achieved or not. In this step cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit techniques need to be utilized to measure the performance.This assessment will bear witness whether the expected learning that was determined before the training programme was conduced has taken place after the conclusion of the training programme or not. 64 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 37 (2010) Some of the scholars suggest that before going in for final evaluation, if feasible, one or two, in between, evaluation, can also be conducted. However too many evaluation questionnaires can disrupt the training program and can create doubts in the minds of trainees towards the effectiveness of the program in the minds of the trainees can be created.Evaluation of the training programme should be undertaken only for the purpose of feedback and restructuring of the programmes to fulfill the goals and objectives of the training program. me. The basic purpose of any training programme is to improve organizationa l performance i. e. to assess whether the training program has been able to achieve change that it desired from the training program. The final evaluation program must take into factors that might have alter the final outcome, for example, competitor initiatives, general economic conditions. Etc. erformance of an organization must be evaluative in terms of the whole unit and not parts of it. Hence any evaluation of the training programme may not result in perfect achievement of the goals. We should identify the key factors and indicators that can influence the final results of the training programme. The assessment of these factors will help in the analysis of the needs of the concerned organization. In this respect a comparative study should be made in regard to the information collected before the training programme was initiated and after the training program where changes need to be visualized and thereupon assessed.If possible a comparative study can also be made of the simila r training programme conducted in other organization and analyzes the differences in the final results. At the time of collecting the final data, proper monitoring should be assured. All the required data should be collected to make elaborate analysis. 16 In the final analysis it can be stated that the final evaluation is the most important aspect of the training programme aspect of the training programme in order to find and determine the effectiveness of the training programme.This assessment gives a clear picture of the impact of the training program. As indicated earlier, a clear cut indicators of organizational performance determined before the start of the program will make measurement of desired change in terms of evaluation much easier to measure. Conclusion The Evaluation of any training programme has certain aims to fulfill. These are concerned with the determination of change in the organizational behavior and the change needed in the organizational structure.Hence evalua tion of any training program must inform us whether the training programme has been able to deliver the goals and objectives in terms of cost incurred and benefits achieved . The analysis of the information is the concluding part of any evaluation programme. The analysis of data should be summarized and then compared with the data of other training programmes similar nature. On the basis of these comparisons, problems and strength should be identified which would help the trainer in his future training programmes. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 37 (2010)