Langue - Definition and Discussion

In linguistics and language, langue is an abstract system of signs (the underlying structure of a language), in contrast to parole, the individual expressions of language (speech acts that are the products of langue). This distinction between langue and parole was first made by Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in his Course in General Linguistics (1916). Fast Facts: Langue Etymology:  From the French, languagePronunciation:  lahng Observations The language system is not a function of the speaking subject, it is the product which the individual registers passively; it never presupposes premeditation, and reflection only comes into it for the activity of classification which will be discussed later. (Saussure) Saussure distinguished between; langue: the rules of sign system (which might be grammar) andparole: the articulation of signs (for example, speech or writing), the sum of which is language: language langue parole While langue could be the rules of, say, English grammar, it does not mean parole always has to conform to the rules of standard English (what some people erroneously call proper English). Langue is less rigid than the phrase set of rules implies, it is more a guideline and is inferred from the parole. Language is often likened to an iceberg: the parole is visible, but the rules, the supporting structure, are hidden. (Lacey) Interdependency of Langue and Parole Langue/Parole—The reference here is to the distinction made by the Swiss linguist Saussure. Where parole is the realm of the individual moments of language use, of particular utterances or messages, whether spoken or written, langue is the system or code (le code de la langue) which allows the realization of the individual messages. As the language-system, object of linguistics, langue is thus totally to be differentiated from language, the heterogeneous totality with which the linguist is initially faced and which may be studied from a variety of points of view, partaking as it does of the physical, the physiological, the mental, the individual and the social. It is precisely by delimiting its specific object (that is, of the langue, the system of the language) that Saussure founds linguistics as a science. (Heath) ​Saussures Cours does not overlook the importance of reciprocal conditioning between langue and parole. If it is true that langue is implied by parole, parole, on the other hand, takes priority on two levels, namely that of learning and that of development: it is in hearing others that we learn our mother tongue; it manages to settle in our brain only after countless experiences. Finally, it is parole that makes langue develop: it is the impressions received by hearing others that alter our linguistic habits. Thus langue and parole are interdependent; the former is both the instrument and the product of the latter (1952, 27). (Hagà ¨ge) Resources and Further Reading Hagà ¨ge Claude. On the Death and Life of Languages. Yale University Press, 2011.Heath, Stephen. â€Å"Translators Note.† Image—Music—Text, by Roland Barthes, translated by Stephen Heath, Hill and Wang, 1978, pp. 7-12.Lacey, Nick. Image and Representation: Key Concepts in Media Studies. 2nd ed., Red Globe, 2009.Saussure, Ferdinand de. Course in General Linguistics. Edited by Haun Saussy and Perry Meisel. Translated by Wade Baskin, Columbia University, 2011.

The State Of Nature As A Free And Equal System - 1524 Words

The state of nature is very differential to that of feudalism which was taking place during Hobbes’s time period; this is evident in social relationships and the characteristics of human beings in each state. In feudal society the notion of equality was not present and was class based, meaning there was a social hierarchy (Weinstein, 2015) , this is rather different to Hobbes who described the state of nature as a complete free and equal system. In feudal society there is a mutual cooperation and obligation in the system making it a direct social relationship among individuals which portrays the system more like a community (Weinstein, 2015) rather than separate, isolated individuals that are present in the state of nature. In feudalism the economic problem is solved through the production of agricultural goods which is done by the labour of the surfs. The idea of accumulation of wealth is not significant since the system operates through a direct social relationship and so du e to this the payment the surfs get for their labour is payment in kind. Meaning the surfs exchange their labour for order, security, and peace that the system grants them (Weinstein, 2015). In the state of nature there is no form of â€Å"payment† or â€Å"system†, every individual in the state of nature is self-preserved and only fights for its own well-being making this individual not obligated to anything or anyone. During feudalism the government was based on divine rights, in other words it was God whoShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes1287 Words   |  6 Pages The ruler should follow a specific way or procedure in order to rule. There should also be rules that the people under the ruler need to obey. The governing body of a nation, state, or community is classified as a government. In order to run a proper political system, one must know how to balance and consider the nature of humankind and their rights. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were both polit ical philosophers who developed theories about how the government should work. They set up their theoriesRead MoreAn Unjust Society For Equality : A New Way Of Ruling Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagespromote their freedoms or rights, and the system of government in place did not allow for political discussion and dissent. For this reason, many philosophers of the time began to explore the true role of government and what the best form of government would be if it is to protect basic human rights. This time period is defined as the enlightenment, and it encompasses a new wave of ideologies that attempt to define basic human rights and the natural human state, as well as promote new political and socialRead MoreJohn Locke Vs Rousseau1686 Words   |  7 Pagesmen were advocates for natural law in some form, and believed in freedom and equality. In this essay, I will go over both Locke and Rousseau individually and go over their philosophies in regard to education. I will also go over their conception of nature and how they believe in can impact children’s cognitive and moral development. Although Locke and Rousseau generally had similar educational ideas, they had different perceptions on how natural law affects education. Rousseau is seen as an influentialRead MoreModern Practices Of Hobbes And Rousseau Core Humanities Paper No1470 Words   |  6 Pageshuman nature and how men govern themselves given the circumstances around them. Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau both have become the most influential philosophers of our time, setting up current and future stand points in our society. Not only did they affect our governing process but they have pressed an impact on political systems all over the world. Hobbes and Rousseau both created theories about human nature and are opposing to each other completely but Hobbes’s theory for the state of natureRead MoreJohn Locke s Views On Government And Democracy1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthe rights of people to have a say in their government. They have shared their views on how a democratic government should operate and have influenced many other theorists and entire governments with their views governments as knows as the United states of America h ave been impacted and shaped on the views of these theorists. This research also aims to compare and contrasts the views of John Locke and J.S Mills, thereby allowing for meaningful conclusions to be arrived at and for the readers to formRead MoreSocialism And The Economic System1373 Words   |  6 PagesIn looking into this position we find satisfaction in the answers it affords us. Socialism fulfills the innate responsibility of the government to care for its people. Moreover, aside from fulfilling this responsibility, socialism is the economic system that delivers the highest benefit as applied to the whole. The importance of these answers is that the primary question is how to find economic justice. In socialism, we have our answer. Socialism is centered on the principle of central ownershipRead MoreMartin Luther King, And Nelson Mandela1678 Words   |  7 Pagesworld: racism, poverty, and militarism. The three evils show transcendentalist ideas because the philosophy discusses what can be considered non-inclusive, strong government lifestyle, which is anti-transcendentalism. King s beliefs allow for an equal, inclusive, weaker government lifestyle where people can live and think freely. Another one of King’s philosophy that gives his followers advice is his Six Principles of Nonviolence. This philosophy discusses how people should live their lives by givingRead MoreJohn Rawls s Theory Of Justice1471 Words   |  6 Pagesfinally the state of debate on the counter-arguments. John Rawls set out on his discussion on justice and fairness in his book A Theory of Justice 1971. Rawls theory describes a society with free citizens holding equal basic rights regardless of the social status (poor or rich). Each so ciety has its way of attempting to bring about equality in its political and economic systems. The tenets of distributive justice, therefore, act as an ethical guide to the economic and political systems that affectRead MoreThomas Hobbes and Modern Liberalism1505 Words   |  7 Pagesof which will be the focus of this paper. Initially, we will lay a foundation to demonstrate how democracy is not equal to other forms of government, rather it acts more like a launch point for other, more preferable, types of government regimes. Secondly, we will demonstration that democracy reproduces the instability and despair that is accustom with, and found in, the state of nature, which is contradictory to the entire idea of a sovereign. And finally we will establish that while Hobbes consentsRead MoreThe State Of Nature And Government1315 Words   |  6 Pages THE STATE OF NATURE AND GOVERNMENT Chloe Holmeshaw BF190 Dr. Charles Wells October 11, 2015 â€Æ' The State of Nature and Government The State of Nature and governing in â€Å"The State of Nature† are two subject that Hobbes and Locke both discuss in their book. The enlightenment period was a time of Learning, new inventions, new theories, and new government. Two prominent figures that became known during the enlightenment were Thomas Hobbes (1588-1674) and John Locke (1632-1704). These enlightenment

The Internet Brings About Some Disadvantages to Users and Society Free Essays

It is obvious that in today’s modern world, people access to information technology for granted. Although it is necessary for our life to contact with each other easily, technology also causes some problems, which affected relationship people. In my point of view, there are two aspects both positive and negative impact from technological development. We will write a custom essay sample on The Internet Brings About Some Disadvantages to Users and Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since the internet was invented, which has made great changes lifestyle in society, almost activities are able to implement with technology. To start with, the online- communication tools such as: email, teleconference software, messenger†¦ it is helpful to connect people, who live far from their family or colleagues work in different regions. For example, everyone can perform various activities by e-commerce like booking accommodation, flights, purchasing stuff†¦. without leaving home. Therefore, the internet becomes prevalent device in modern life, which seems like a major technological breakthrough. Otherwise, overusing the internet and neglecting the real life can lead to social isolation. Researchers reveal that people who spend too much time at the computer tend to have difficulties when they communicate with somebody in real world. When internet access fills most people’s time, and even their leisure time, this is cause of disconnection with their family, friends or community. Furthermore, it also result in some health‘s problems such as obesity, myopia†¦ In conclusion, technology has both pros and cons. In my opinion, the advantages are stronger than disadvantages; the internet brings many benefits and will not disappear. Thus people should learn to use technology efficiently so that we can limit their bad effects. How to cite The Internet Brings About Some Disadvantages to Users and Society, Papers

Construction Process A Particular Project †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Construction Process A Particular Project? Answer: Introduction Construction Project management is a type of professional service, which utilizes expert and professional techniques of project management skill. The Lend Lease company was formed by Dick Dosseldrop. The company achieved Civil and Civic in the year 1961. In the year 1970, the company stretched their operations into the country America. In different parts of the world, the company is carrying out its operations (Harris and McCaffer 2013). In Australia, the group constructed the harbor of Victoria, in Asia, the road of Alson in Singapore, in America, Park Avenue in the city of New York. The construction project manager supervises the planning, designing, and the overall construction process of a particular project (Fewings 2013). The goal of the construction project management is to commands over time, quality and cost of a particular project. As the construction business is working globally, the type of management related to it has also changed (Fewings 2013). The project further outl ines about the important strategies that the organization has taken up along with the developmental projects. The topic further discusses about the important the functions of the construction manager while developing projects (Harris and McCaffer 2013). The purpose of this report is to analyze the different factors of managing the international construction project. The report will be based on a famous and multinational construction company named Lend Lease group. The report looks at the points like, global project development understanding and a task of a supervisor in such cases, the costing, arranging and assessing the estimation of a global project and control of cost and quality management in an international project. Global Project Development Administration Construction companies all over the world have taken thousand of projects nationally and internationally. The global project development administration has considered five processes to end a project (Pmi.org 2017). To oversee the international project the company has to take the first step, which is initiating. The initiating process is that process which defines a new project and an authorization for starting the project. In the initiating, the managers envision the measurable success criteria for the project, which should be based on total cost, schedule and project objectives (Pmi.org 2017). The initiation process for big and complex global projects should be started with picturing a route map or master plan, which explains the steps of how the project will be implemented (Pmi.org 2017). The second step is planning for the project, which consists the overall course of action and developing a project management plan, what are the scope, cost, and time and possible risks and the management of those risks. For an example, the Lend Lease group has done assignments on master plan, concept designing, research and project management of 100,000 square meters broad Alamanda Shopping Centre at Putrajaya, Malaysia. The third step is execution, which executed the assigned plan and satisfies the projects specification (Pmi.org 2017). Global projects are controlled by executing the stakeholders involvement and quality checks. The inevitable part of the global projects is virtual team, which works on virtually by arranging meetings, video conference, and activities of team building . The fourth step is controlling and monitoring. In this step, the managers track, view and review the performance and progress of the assigned project and recognize and initiate the areas of change of that project (Albert 2015). As an example, the Lend Leases Groups project JEM, which is the companys largest investment project globally and that manages the whole process of controlling and monitoring in its constructions management assignment. The last step is closing the project, which concludes all the activities such as completion of the project and other contractual obligations with all project management groups (Sears et al. 2015). The Lean Lease Group has focused on the strong leadership support, effective communication, and practical governance of the project for successfully implementing its global processes (Lendlease.com 2017). The group acts as an important focus for the team in business management (Harris and McCaffer 2013). The group develops and manage relations with the other stake holders in the world of business of PDS (McGeorge and Zou 2012) The Lendlease works with developing, implementing the internal adoption to substantiate, adopt and implement which would render support to the program which would support PDS global for the markets and solutions of the corporate. The company acts as an important point of being contacted with the Business partner IT and manager of IT product. Strategy and Development The group has established its partnership with business leadership of PDS and to define the technology and develop strategy, which is based on platform of service delivery as well as managing the product development of the business, strategies of delivery services and sales of marketing. The company develops and manages programs in order to ensure about the PDS business alignment with the Global strategies. For a global construction development, the project manager is responsible for coordinating, planning and supervising the projects from the inception to end (Knutson 2016). The strategies, which includes in the development of the global project are putting together the budget and negotiate the estimates of cost, arranging the timetables of work. Choosing the efficient methods and strategies for construction , trying to stay in touch with the clients for the work or any kinds of related issues regarding budget and the project manager of construction would keep the eye on the personn el (Knutson 2016). In the Lendlease group, the project manager chooses the contractors as soon as the completion of the design takes place (Maki and Kerosuo 2015). In some of the cases, this can even take place when the project is in the stage of development. The selection is based on the process of auction with the different contractors. Cooperation must take place with the specialists in the construction and the building (Maki and Kerosuo 2015). Primary functions of Construction Project Manager The construction management of Lend Lease is extended to the different diversities of functions in their arena. The most important functions are illustrated below The lend Lease Group focuses on the specified goals and the plans incorporating budgeting, scheduling and the requisites of achievements and choosing the participants for the project. Encouraging the effectiveness of the resources through the workforce acquisition and including the necessary equipments. The numerous operations are being conducted through the proper legitimate cooperation and the proper management of estimation, design, contracting and the construction, which takes places in the entire procedures. The organization develops the solid form of communication among the agents for solving the conflicts that takes place. Main principles of the construction management The fundamental principles of the project management incorporate are the bids of two types Open bids and closed bids Open bids: They are connected to the projects of public. It is an auction where the contractors are welcomed to make their offers (Li, et al 2014). Closed bids: It is the bids where the privately owned projects are being carried out. The owners send invitation to only a few number of contractors (Li, et al 2014). Operations The organization managed the world construction project including the developments of retail and the terminals of airport. The project of the organization and the construction of business has an important presence in other countries. The important sectors incorporate residential, commercial, pharmaceutical and industrial. Being a major construction in the United Kingdom, the project management of the company . The important projects that are worked in the Conference centre of Queen Elizabeth 2, the shopping centre in Trafford and the Shopping in the Bluewater shopping centre. The refurbishment of the central station of Glasgow which was completed in the year 2000. The Trump Hotel International in Chicago which was completed in the year 2009. The Quality of Development Project and Suggestions The overall qualities of the development projects of Lend Lease Group are very high, accepted, and recognized globally. For example, the 1333 South Wabash that is the residential apartment building in Chicago and 418,000 square feet broad. The company has assigned for construction management and constructed 28-strorey building houses in 305 units and 3 levels of parking area that can accommodate in total 277 cars (Lendlease.com 2017).. This project has won LEED_NC certification for best qualities of construction management (Lendlease.com 2017).. The suggestions for Lean Lease group are that it should take more initiatives and new programs using the existing tools, systems. For sustaining a quality program of the projects, it is necessary to check the investments, the benefits, and the correlation between these two. Lendlease has the peripheral business dimension as the development is based on the Development Dimensions International (DDI). The global impact of the management and the form of exception in this managerial outlook depend on the expertise leaders and community builders. They are creating success in their own path and they are maximizing their team performance and marketing the purpose in the right way. Behavioral change and participation process are important and effective in this term as the development are depending on the training program they have in their workplace. 68% overall increase in participant had noticed by the effective use of training method. There are three most important areas that need to devel op and require attention as these are the founder of sustainable business improvement. Career development, quality conversation as the productive conversation can enhance the quality of the work and the coaching or training culture of the organization these are the effective areas where leadership and improved high performance is required (Leite 2015). In Lendlease the half of the participants are developing their self-acquisition and motivate themselves through the effective use of development and training program. The company is focused on the three major areas. These are Social, Economic and Environmental. The social aspect is important as the security, community, and connectivity is essential and to improve the social outcome. Better planning and better community hub are important in aspect to analysis the social impact over the organization (Smith 2017). In case of operating cost and, optimal capital sourcing are the current and future needs of the company. Here is the related economic assistance and consult authorities of the cost improvements are relevant for the better economic perspective of the organization. The change in environment and the effluent flaws of the company and their sustainable environmental quality like thermal change, air-light or the acoustic of the place is important for the urban environment of their project. Generating multiple earning opportunities is the actual approach of the company. The innovation of long-term values and sustainable improving organization pote ntial are the underpinning core competencies that initiated by the better flexibility and agility to the company. Lendlease has development management and invested management and all these are related to the retail can residential section (He, X.H and Zhang 2014). Aviation, commercial places, defense areas construction all are the parts of the companys work from where the better management chances are being created and that has notified the expertise of their work culture. The list has enhanced as the heritage and arts took in charge, the way they innovate their sculpture and the way they put creation I between the works is the optimum regulation and emphasizes that profound the scenario of the company. They have their impactful note on court or justice areas and also in the way of railway and their infrastructure. The quality of their work is constant however the expertise are different in all the cases as they believe that each section of the work needs expertise intervention to fulfill the work at its optimum level. Materiality assessment is the process to identify, validate and prioritize th e elements in business (Cochran et al. 2015). Lendlease has gone with their G4 guideline or global reporting where they have stressed over the materiality assessment process to improve the material demand and to access the quality of the infrastructure. Task Supervisors Work and Skills in Global Projects The task supervisor visits and manages the construction team including the laborers work and makes it sure that the teams are working collaboratively for keeping in mind the deadlines and specification for a particular project. The task supervisor sometimes selects contractors, sub-contractors, and observing that they are working together. Task supervisor keeps track for the progress of the work and create project reports and plans (Jobhero.com 2017). The task will be allocated and inspects by task supervisors with effective dealing on scheduled work plan (Jobhero.com 2017). The skills of the task supervisor include efficiently work with various personality with effective oral and written communication skills, good leadership skills, excellent observation skill that help him to look matters into details. He should have well physical condition (Jobhero.com 2017) Task supervisors of Lendlease have to maintain some strategic implementation by building right structure, making cost out efficiency, capital management and effective drive in the restoration period. At the state of build, their innovations rephrase portfolio and the brilliant operational excellence is required to make more investment with the people. The superior class of brand management retail investment is 14% where the project management and construction are 40% (Ahn et al. 2013). The regional business operation is persisting not only in Australia but also spread out in UK, US, Middle East, Singapore, Americas and Asia Pacific. Technical skills like engineering manufacturing and electro-techn ology all these are team-related work that enhances the business understanding skill those strategies and training development process enhances those leaders to make 47% enhancement of outcome assessment (lendlease.com 2017). Task supervisor in this sector is needed to be smart, technical, knowledgeable and innovative. In business, finance and management studies the quality that produced by the company depends on the product they supplied in this form. Innovative nature of the leader is important as the creation they developed in their project is need to be new and that has a touch of unique placement and ensure the quality of the work as the company has done last few years. Business market and size is also important in that construction arena as the conducted quality that has provided by the suppliers need to be taken as a challenge. All the requirements need to be fulfilled and that ensure trust to the company as Lendlease has done over the year. Due to the construction project analysis and availability of current situation enactment of the purpose and their enjoinment with the work make a proper service (ddiworld.com 2017). Leaders need to be emphatic and they have to join the culture of the organization and maintain the high number of potential capabilities. In the administrative work, cost-effective mannerism, operational purpose and for the better communication or community maintenance the way they enacted their organization needs to be filled and advertised the scale in between labors, managers and sales percentages. Skill and their potential quality analysis is the concern factor that workers are dealing in (Masood et al. 2015). The improvement in training or construction in between the management issued has to improve by the effective intervening of their team leader. Thus their importance and their behavioral display show or make a pattern to encourage their team to provide more productivity to the organization. Thus, the team performance, managing issues and the strategic maintenance of the objectives is the key driving goal of the leader that ensures the organization up gradation and outcome. Total Estimation of a Work The cost estimation for the future project is a very important process for survival of a construction company in the construction industry. The Lean Lease company states that the cost estimation is useful for determining the future scope of the project. The cost estimate of the contractors will estimate the total construction bid (Wbdg.org 2017). The constructional authority hires cost estimators and they should be involved from the beginning of a project to make sure that the total project budget has reflected on the decision made by rest team members in the project (Wbdg.org 2017). The total estimation will be changed on the needs of the client. There are multiple levels of estimation before starting each phase of the work. The first level of estimation is based on cost per square foot of the chosen area and other factors such as geographic location of the future project, size demanded by the clients of the future project, possible number of employees or people, cars and other types of cost in the constructional process (Wbdg.org 2017). The other levels of costing include checks and rechecks of the estimated cost of the first level with finer amount of accuracy. The last phase of the cost estimation is involved in biding phase that develop and submit the probable cost with biding. The important elements of a cost management are the total quantity take offs of the various materials associated in the project, the labor rate, the price of the materials in the project, the cost of the equipments used in the project and indirect cost like temporary construction, staffing utility management, small tools (Wbdg.org 2017). The total project cost of Armani Hotel constructed by Lean Lease group in Italy is estimated around 20 billion US dollar (Harris and McCaffer 2013). The hotel area is 19,000 square meters broad. The total project cost of the Sydney Opera house constructed by Lean Lease Group is 102 million Australian dollars, which has been completed in fourteen years (Eoi.es 2017). The scheduled project was four years long and the estimated budget was 7 million Australian dollars. The contractors claimed 1.2 million Australian dollars for the first stage project completion however, when it completed the cost became 5.2 million Australian dollars (Eoi.es 2017). The total project cost of the Palace of Westminster is 5 billion Euros, which is also another successful construction project by Lean Lease. Estimation of the cost is important for any business organization especially in the context of Lendlease, which is a construction company of Australia. However, approximation of the cost program is consid ered as the cost estimate of an organization. A credible, reliable and accurate cost estimate process can be helpful for Lendlease to avoid any error in their budget program. In order to estimate a cost a cost estimator is hired by the business organization. Building estimator, quantity surveyors and cost engineers are categorized under the cost estimator (Hrcher et al. 2017). Several types of cost estimations like manufacturing cost, resource exploration cost, labor cost are the prime areas of cost estimation process. In the context of Lendlease labor cost is vital for this organization as it is a construction organization. In order to forecast the expenditure of a project cost estimation is done by the business organization. In the context of Lendlease $1,255,000 is the average cost estimation of such organization. According to the statistics, they have estimated $1,172,653, which is higher than their cost estimation. Cost estimation prevents an organization from financial loss that can be taken place during a project (Swei et al. 2017). However, often the organization faces loss from a project if they have no previous budget plan. Documentation is a process that measures the purpose of the estimate. The data of the cost estimate ensures the risk analysis and validity of the cost estimate process. The documentation process of the estimation is considered as the basic estimation or BOE. However, based on the basic estimation the further estimation will be conducted. Supporting calculation and quantity take off documentation are other processes of cost estimation. In the context of Lendlease such cost estimation methods will be beneficial to make a proper budget plan for this organization. On the other hand, cost estimation strengthens their business as well as their project. Lendlease group offers pension plan to their employees. Hence, for this reason, payments are provided through insurance organ ization. Periodic actuarial calculations are done by the organization to make a proper budget plan. However, actual losses arise if there is a difference between the previous estimate and the actual result of expenditure. Thus, it is important for this organization to keep a balance between the actual expenditure and their previous estimation. On the other hand, change in the demographic factor and financial factor difference occurs between the previous estimation and the actual expenditure. However, it is important for the organization to make a proper budget plan through the accurate estimation. On the other the actual gain and loss takes place through the comprehensive income in context of Lendlease group. However, it is important to for such construction company to make a proper plan regarding the cost estimation of their project budget. A accurate estimation leads the organization to carry out their project properly and to reduce any financial loss of this project. Measurement of labor cost and material cost will help such organization to get a previous idea of the expenditure in a construction project, which leads this organization to achieve profitability (Ruijs et al. 2017). Control of Cost and Quality Confirmation The total estimated cost should be directly related to the quality delivered by the constructional management (Laaturakentaminen.fi 2017). The quality assurance or the quality control is a type of program that covers activities, which is necessary for providing quality work to fulfill the projects requirements. The cost of quality is the primary tool to measure quality, which is developed by Crosby and Juran. In the construction industry, the cost of quality is related to the contractors, who are being selected by the owner on basis of competition (Laaturakentaminen.fi 2017). The cost of quality is directly linked to the biding though, however, the private owners consider additionally the contractors record on safety, their technical support, capabilities of the equipments and the reputation of the performance quality (Laaturakentaminen.fi 2017). The all types of quality control are mostly affected by the allotted cost of the project as it is related to the cost of contractors, cost of the equipments and other costs. For international projects and projects of any type, the total cost is determined by the quality of any section be it the quality of equipments, laborers, contractors, raw materials and other factors, which are necessary in the construction process. The better the quality any construct ion company provides, the more will its cost (Laaturakentaminen.fi 2017). Quality of the construction management is related to the total estimated cost. However, the quality control is a process that includes various activities in order to meet the requirements of a project and to give a quality work. However, cost control and quality conformation are the two major areas of a construction project (). In the context of Landlease quality work is essential to satisfy their customers while to control the cost is essential besides providing the quality. Often the organization wants to provide quality service or product in a low cost (OLoughlin et al. 2017). As a result, t hey may face the high operation cost in their project. For this reason, it is important for Lendlease to give good quality service in a proper cost, which may not affect their business profitability. In order to maintain the cost it is essential to forecast the cost of the quality service, which gives a preliminary idea to the organization about their expenditure for a quality service. In the context of a construction, company contractor has a responsibility to maintain the cost quality during a project. For this reason, they initiate a previous plan to measure the cost of the quality service that they want to provide to the customers. However, often the allotted cost of the project hampers the quality control. As for example, the organization often fails to provide the high quality service due to low budget of their project. In order to control the cost construction organizations are not able to provide high quality product. On the other hand, it is important for the Lendlease to use high quality materials in their constriction project besides controlling the cost. Cost of the project is based on the raw materials, equipments, labor and some other factors (Xiang et al. 2017). Therefore, the quality of the project is based on the efficiency of the labor and quality of the raw materials and equipments. Quality is a big factor for the project as based on the success of a project depends. For this reason, quality assurance is necessary for the Lendlease. However, the prevention of the defects is also undergoes under the project cost and it refers as the quality cost. Prevention cost is a vital part of quality assurance. In order to minimize any defect in the construction quality assurance team takes a full observation of the project. Therefore, inspection cost is another part of quality assurance. In this practice, the external agency comes for a inspection of the entire project to certify the quality of the project. Hence, such practices of the quality assurance system include a high cost. For this reason, cost control is important for the construction organization to carry out the quality assurance practice. Employees are responsible for the quality control while creating a design during the project. Accurate design will ensure the quality of a project as well as reduces the operation cost (Sun 2017). Conclusion It can be concluded by stating that construction project management is very complex and multi-phased task that should be employed successfully to build large international or local buildings. The quality of the project is largely depend on the cost, time, number of laborers and contractors and equipments used. As the global or international project is broader than local projects, the way it is controlled is completely different. In such projects the level of construction is much broader and have multiple phase. The construction company should keep alert for such projects and they have huge responsibility to deliver the projects in its highest quality. References Ahn, Y.H., Cho, C.S. and Lee, N., 2013. Building information modeling: Systematic course development for undergraduate construction students.Journal of professional issues in engineering economics and practice,139(4), pp.290-300. Albert, A., 2015.Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons. Cochran, L., Derickson, R., Meroney, R.N. and Sharp, H., 2015, February. On what new building project managers need to know about wind engineering. InProceedings of the 17th Australasian Wind Engineering Society Workshop, February(Vol. 11, p. e13). ddiworld.com (2017) Available from: https://www.ddiworld.com/DDI/media/client-results/lendlease_rr_ddi.pdf?ext=.pdf [Accessed on 25th September 2017] Eoi.es 2017. The Sidney Opera House construction: A case of project management failure. [online] Eoi.es. Available at: https://www.eoi.es/blogs/cristinagarcia-ochoa/2012/01/14/the-sidney-opera-house [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017]. Fewings, P., 2013.Construction project management: an integrated approach. Routledge. Harris, F. and McCaffer, R., 2013.Modern construction management. John Wiley Sons. Harris, F. and McCaffer, R., 2013.Modern construction management. John Wiley Sons. He, X.H. and Zhang, Y.G., 2014. Research on the Design and Realization of Supervision and Business Management Information System. InApplied Mechanics and Materials(Vol. 687, pp. 1987-1990). Trans Tech Publications. Hrcher, D., Graham, D.J. and Anderson, R.J., 2017. Crowding cost estimation with large scale smart card and vehicle location data.Transportation Research Part B: Methodological,95, pp.105-125. Jobhero.com 2017. Construction Supervisor Job Description | JobHero. [online] Jobhero.com. Available at: https://www.jobhero.com/construction-supervisor-job-description/# [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017]. Knutson, K., 2016.Construction accounting fundamentals. McGraw-Hill Education. Laaturakentaminen.fi 2017. [online] Available at: https://laaturakentaminen.fi/attachments/article/294/TQinConstruction.pdf [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017]. Leite, F., 2015. An example project-based course on building information modeling for construction management.Proceedings Papers, p.58. lendlease.com (2017) Available from: https://www.lendlease.com/ [Accessed on 24th September 2017] Lendlease.com 2017. 135 east 79th street. [online] Lendlease.com. Available at: https://www.lendlease.com/projects/135-east-79th-street/?id=430ef6cc-7a8b-4248-b980-2d65fd94f702 [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017]. Li, Z., Shen, G.Q. and Xue, X., 2014. Critical review of the research on the management of prefabricated construction.Habitat international,43, pp.240-249. Mki, T. and Kerosuo, H., 2015. Site managers daily work and the uses of building information modelling in construction site management.Construction management and economics,33(3), pp.163-175. Masood, T., McFarlane, D., Schooling, J. and Parlikad, A., 2015. The Role of Futureproofing in the Management of Infrastructural Assets. UCL STEaPP. McGeorge, D. and Zou, P.X., 2012.Construction management: new directions. John Wiley Sons. OLoughlin, K., Thomas, L., Wilson, G. and Runnacles, J., 2017. G226 (P) Quality Assurance of Debriefing Practices Using the Paediatric Objective Structured Assessment of Debriefing Tool for Peer Review: Experience from a Paediatric Simulation Network. Pmi.org (2017). Project Managing Global Business Project Risk. [online] Pmi.org. Available at: https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/managing-global-project-risk-5909 [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017]. Ruijs, A., Kortelainen, M., Wossink, A., Schulp, C.J.E. and Alkemade, R., 2017. Opportunity cost estimation of ecosystem services.Environmental and Resource Economics,66(4), pp.717-747. Sears, S.K., Sears, G.A., Clough, R.H., Rounds, J.L. and Segner, R.O., 2015.Construction project management. John Wiley Sons. Smith, K.W., 2017. KWSnet Construction/Building Index. Sun, J., 2017. Analysis on Cost Control in Hotel Financial Management.DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science, (ssme). Swei, O., Gregory, J. and Kirchain, R., 2017. Construction cost estimation: A parametric approach for better estimates of expected cost and variation.Transportation Research Part B: Methodological,101, pp.295-305. Wbdg.org (2017). Cost Estimating | WBDG Whole Building Design Guide. [online] Wbdg.org. Available at: https://www.wbdg.org/design-disciplines/cost-estimating [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017]. Xiang, C., Petersen, I.R. and Dong, D., 2017. Performance Analysis and Coherent Guaranteed Cost Control for Uncertain Quantum Systems Using Small Gain and Popov Methods.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,62(3), pp.1524-1529.

World War Ii Essays (5465 words) - Reparations, Treaty Of Versailles

World War Ii INTRODUCTION War is one of the most tragic things in our world today. It is even sadder that usually it comes around at least once in our lifetime. In the 20th century alone we have already had two huge wars. These wars were call the World Wars simply because they involved most of the big countries of the world. Many people have died in these wars, especially the second World War. That is my focus for this essay. The leader of Germany at the time of WW2 and the person who most think started World War II was a man named Adolf Hitler. Although there are many other reasons, he was definitely one of them. Another reason was the Treaty of Versailles. This was the treaty that was signed at the end of World War 1. This treaty outlined the rules that Germany must follow because of their defeat by Britain and France. Many Germans were angered by the treaty, for most of the rules in the treaty were unfair and Germany lost a great amount of wealth. However, One of the cruelest reasons for the war was Hitler's racist hate for Jews. He would actually be the cause of one of the greatest injustices done againest human-kind in the history of the world. As the war progressed many countries became involved in the war. British forces, which consisted of troops both from England and Canada, along with France, originally declared war on Germany. Germany allied themselves with Italy and Japan, known as the Axis powers, hoped to defeat the Allies. As the war progressed though, and more countries allied themselves with the Allied Forces, such as the United States and the Soviet Union, resistance became futile and in August, 1945, the allies had successfully defeated the Nazi armies. TREATY OF VERSAILLES When World War I came to a close in mid-November of 1918, many ideas were circulating in Europe as to what the peace settlement should entail. In Britain, leaders were thinking about how to increase British colonial power. In France, many wanted to permanently punish the Germans, partly in revenge for Germany's aggression in World War I, but also, perhaps for the Franco-Prussian war in 1871. In Germany, citizens were worried about how radical changes after the war could affect their daily lives. All these biases, worries, plans, and ideas came together in Paris on the 28th of June 1919 with the Treaty of Versailles, establishing the post-war peace in Europe. Yet just twenty years later, war would once again break out in Europe. So why were the peace settlements of World War I unable to prevent the outbreak of war twenty years later in World War II? To understand this, one must first have a detailed understanding of the World War I peace settlement at Versailles Germany was also punished in regard to its colonial and imperial power. During the war, Germany had control of many small islands and archipelagos in the South Pacific. The Treaty of Versailles gave these islands to Britain and Japan. In Africa, France gained the Cameroon from Germany and Britain was given German East Africa and German West Africa. All German assets in other colonies were to be immediately dissolved into the current government of those colonies. Finally, Germany's military was to be greatly reduced in size. The Treaty mandated that Germany's standing army could be no larger than 100,000 men. In addition, their Navy was reduced, and according to Article 198, The armed forces of Germany must not include any military or naval air forces. (2) Germany's army was, in effect, useless, and without an air force, the Allies hoped that Germany would be unable ever to wage war. The Treaty of Versailles also charged Germany with the task of paying heavy reparations. The treaty set up a reparations committee that would meet sometime in 1921 to determine reparations for Germany to pay. Until then, Germany would pay $5,000,000,000 due May 1, 1921. The Germans would have to wait to see what reparations they would really pay. Until then, though, they started on the $5,000,000,000, already a very daunting task for the nation. The economic strain put on Germany was probably the single most important factor in increasing

Defining And Analysing Groupwork Social Work Essay Essay Example

Defining And Analysing Groupwork Social Work Essay Essay Example Defining And Analysing Groupwork Social Work Essay Paper Defining And Analysing Groupwork Social Work Essay Paper Groups may be defined in many ways, so supplying an absolute definition of a group, as with much of the theory around group work, is extremely debatable and contestable. However for the intents of discoursing groupwork within a context of working with immature people we may specify a group as a little assemblage of immature people. Group work may simplistically be described as the survey and application of the procedures and results experienced when a little group comes together. Konopka ( 1963 ) defines groupwork as a method of societal work that is utilised in order to `help persons to heighten their societal operation through purposeful group experiences, and to get by more efficaciously with their personal, group or community problems` . This definition shows a tradition within groupwork of assisting persons with jobs. Brown provides a modernized and more comprehensive definition of group work ( 1994, p.8 ) . He states that `groupwork provides a context in which persons help each other ; it is a method of assisting groups every bit good as assisting persons ; and it can enable persons and groups to influenceand changepersonal, group, organizational and community problems` ( original accent ) . He goes on to separate between `relatively little and neighbourhood centred` work and `macro, social and political approaches` within community work, explicating that merely the former may be decently classified as groupwork. Therefore the function of groupwork can be seen as one which places accent on sharing of ideas, thoughts, jobs and activities. Functions within Groups Each person within a group has a function to play in the development of that group to a greater or lesser extent. Through observation, apprehension of difference, consciousness of personal resourcesand effectual communicating ( Douglas, 1995 ) , each member may impact group procedures and single emotions. Functions develop within groups both through formal assignment and because of the personal features and interpersonal relationships that develop between members. Roles which develop can be constructive and back up the group and its members in accomplishing its ends, or can be destructive and work against the overall group aims. Persons within the group can develop several functions and at times these may struggle. For illustration a PTV member who was designated as leaderfor a specific undertaking, besides played a clownand was fond of practical gags. The gulling about led to a deficiency of trust from other group members making a struggle with the leading function. As the group begins to develop an apprehension of four things can be observed: Observation: the manner we behave is based upon what we observe of ourselves, and what we make of others and their reactions to us. Differences: personally and socially generated ; the effects they have on behaviors and apprehension. Resources: often stemming from difference but are the beginning of possible power for a group and an person. Communication: considered to be natural but capable to many barriers that remain mostly unknown unless a witting attempt is made to happen them: ( Douglas, 1995, p. 80-97 ) A Through supportive functions, groups may play a portion in cut downing subjugation generated externally to the group. Groupwork can be used as a medium for laden groups to `help these groups adjust in society` , and furthermore to assist society to set towards these groups. This can be achieved by `individual rehabilitation` in which we can `help persons to set to societal life and manage aˆÂ ¦ tenseness aˆÂ ¦ addition assurance, high ego esteem` , and in `getting and maintaining employment etc.` . `Societal or community rehabilitation` involves `helping the society to hold meaningful contact` with persons and groups which are discriminated against and laden ( Osei-Hwedie, Mwansa, and Mufune, 1990, p. 188 ) . Preston-Shoot describes groupwork making a `sense of belonging and common identity` promoting `the formation of relationships which foster common designation and influence` , therefore feelings of isolation and uniqueness with issues of difference and subjugation may be reduced. Besides, the group may be encouraged to utilize its internal resources to travel towards single or group `problem-resolution` , cut downing feelings of weakness, constructing self deserving, and detering worker dependence ( Preston-Shoot, 1987, p. 6-28 ) . Smith concurs with this position of the suitableness of groupwork, saying `Groups are obvious sites of interaction and within them a sense of connection or community with others can be fostered` ( Smith, 1994, p.111 ) . This `connectedness` is a valuable tool with which to dispute favoritism and subjugation, for as Piven and Cloward argue, it is merely when we act jointly that alteration can get down ( Piven and Cloward, 1993 ) . Decision: Group Work Double Edged Sword? To province that group work is non an exact scientific discipline is something of an understatement. As we have seen, it is debatable to even specify what is meant by a group as no absolute definition exists. Similarly most, if non all, constructs within group work theory can be, and are, contested. Groups are highly of import in the lives of all persons. Johnson and Johnson ( 1975, p1-2 ) province `many of our ends can be achieved merely with the cooperation and coordination of others` . However `the success of any group depends on the ability of its members to interchange thoughts freely and to experience involved in the life and determinations of the group` ( Massallay, 1990 ) . All groups within young person work have ends, i.e. a future province of personal businesss. It is of import that short term and long term ends are set realistically if the group is to develop and work efficaciously. These maps are achieved through the way of leading and the development of single functions within each group. A group is said to be successful if it: 1.A A A A A accomplishes group undertakings 2.A A A A A maintains the group internally, and ; 3.A A A A A develops and adapts to better effectivity. ( Massallay, 1990 ) Groupwork can be used as an effectual tool for many young person work state of affairss, non least of which is as a medium for disputing subjugation both within groups and persons. Therefore, we have seen the outgrowth and development of misss issue groups and black immature people s undertakings that offer common support every bit good as working to dispute subjugation. Yet we have seen that through the development phases of a groups life there are many chances for persons to develop and concentrate oppressive behavior internally within a group. A appreciation of theoretical apprehension of group behavior and operation can assist to explicate single and group behavior, and assist us to accomplish our ultimate purpose as young person workers, that of informal instruction. It is of import non to handle group work as an exact scientific discipline with unequivocal replies. Indeed many of the questionswe must inquire ourselves are ill-defined, therefore the answersare a best conjecture, or a benchmark that we can develop on and work about. Finally, allow us see briefly the historical context of group work development and the intent it has non merely within young person work, but society at big. As Taylor reminds us `A minute s contemplation shows that the societal groupwork beloved of liberalism is the merchandise of the American capitalist concern to develop more sophisticated direction techniques` ( Taylor, 1987, p. 140 ) . Let us be careful to utilize group work to advance democracy and non fall into the trap of utilizing group work as yet another tool for advancing societal control in a capitalistic province. A © Student Youth Work Online 1999-2001 Please ever cite the writer of this page. References A ; Recommended Reading Adair, J. ( 1988 ) Effective LeadershipLondon: Pan Barker, L. L. , Cegala, D. J. , Kibler, R. J. and Wahlers, K. J. Groups In ProcessNew Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall Chemical bond, T. ( 1986 ) Games for Social and Life SkillsLondon: Hutchinson Brandes, D. and Phillips, H ( 1977 ) Gamesters HandbookGreat Britain: Stanley Thornes Brown, A. ( 1994 ) Groupwork 3rdEditionGreat Yarmouth: Ashgate Publishing Dearling, A. and Armstrong, H. ( 1994 ) The New Youth Games BookGreat Britain: Russell House Printing Douglas, T. ( 1983 ) Groups: Understanding Peoples Gathered TogetherLondon: Routledge Douglas, T. ( 1995 ) Survival In Groups: The Basics of Group MembershipBuckingham: Open University Press Dynes, R. ( 1990 ) Creative Games in GroupworkGreat Britain: Winslow Imperativeness Garland, J. Jones, H. and Kolody, R. ( 1968 ) `A theoretical account for phases of development in societal workgroups` in Bernstein, S. ( Ed. ) Explorations in GroupworkBoston: Boston University School of Social Work Heap, K. ( 1977 ) Group Theory for Social WorkersGreat Britain: Pergamon Press Konopka, G. ( 1963 ) Social Group Work: a Helping Process Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice Hall Leech, N. and Wooster, A. D. ( 1986 ) Personal and Social Skills A Practical Approach for the ClassroomGreat Britain: RMEP Massallay, J. L. ( 1990 ) `Methods, Techniques and Skills of Youth and Community Work: Community Action and Group Work` Chapter 4. In Osei-Hwedie, K. , Mwansa, L-K. and Mufune, P. ( Eds. ) Young person and Community Work PracticeZambia: Mission Imperativeness Osei-Hwedie, K. , Mwansa, L-K. and Mufune, P. ( 1990 ) Young person and Community Work Practice: Methods, Techniques and SkillsZambia: Mission Imperativeness Piven, F. F. and Cloward, R. A. ( 1993 ) Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare USA: Vintage Books Preston-Shoot, M. ( 1987 ) Effective GroupworkHampshire: Macmillan Rogers, C. R. ( 1967 ) `The procedure of basic brush group` In Bugental, J. F. T. ( Ed. ) TheChallenges of Human PsychologyNew York: McGraw-Hill Sessoms, H. Massachusetts, D. and Stevenson, J. L. ( 1981 ) Leadership and Group Dynamics in Recreation ServicesUSA: Allyn and Bacon Smith, M. K. ( 1994 ) Local Education: Community, Conversation, PraxisGreat Britain: Open University Press Taylor, T. ( 1987 ) `Youth Workers as Character Builders` Chapter 9. In Jeffs, T and Smith, M. ( Eds. ) Youth WorkBasingstoke: MacMillan Tuckman, B. W. ( 1965 ) `Developmental Sequences in Small Groups` in Psychological BulletinNo. 63 p. 384-399 hypertext transfer protocol: //youthworkcentral.tripod.com/sean3.htm

Compression test Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Compression test - Essay Example he lateral forces acting on the can ultimately act on a single line, which is, takes a rectangular shape and is relatively small in area, thus the quick crumbling. Once the yield point, or yield stress, has been reached, the crumbling requires less force for continued deformation, thus the dip in the force used. When the compressive load is directed onto the tops of the soda can, the compressive force acts on the wholesome vertical wall of the can, thus distributing the force equally. By distributing the forces subjected to the can equally as opposed to a single point in the side-crushing test, the can has more resistance to the compressive forces. Since the can is hollow, it exhibits characters that are varied as opposed to the side crushing. From the graph, when the forces supplied reach the yield point, there is a drop in the required forces (Voland, 2003, p. 192), but the crumble suddenly strengthens the can as it is compressed, and gets compacted. The can requires a lot more force to continue the deformation, thus the curve that gets a positive gradient as opposed to a continued drop. The changes are not uniform since the compacting assumes various strengths with continued compacting, until the ultimate load is reached. The forces show that the can takes of fragile characteristics as o pposed to ductile traits in the compression tests, since the graph changes are sudden as opposed to the curved changes a ductile object displays. The relationship between the force and the standard travel (deformation) is proportional, though there exists a constant since the change does not begin at the origin for both

Healthy Diet for People with Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Healthy Diet for People with Diabetes - Essay Example According to the code of professional ethics, the nurses and other medical practitioners are accountable for actions and omissions made in their lines of professional duty and practice, and are bound to justify decisions. 4 The National Service Framework (NSF) for Diabetics 4 Diabetes Description 5 Natural Progression and Pathophysiology 5 Epidemiology 7 Symptoms and Related Complications 8 Complications 9 Management 11 Management of Diabetes 11 Management of Complications 14 Preventing Diabetes 15 Preventing Emergencies 18 Conclusion 21 References 22 Dietary Management for Diabetes Patients Introduction Background Diabetes mellitus, simply known as diabetes, is a disease that occurs due to high blood sugar. This could occur from the fact that pancreas is producing inadequate insulin, or because the cells in the body are irresponsive to the insulin that is produced (Dunning, 2009). Diabetes occurs in two main types; type 1 and 2. Apart from type one and two diabetes, there are other forms, for example gestational diabetes, which occurs in pregnant women, there is congenital diabetes, monogenic diabetes, and diabetes related to cystic fibrosis (Dunning, 2009). All of these types have adverse effects on human health and as such as to be managed, if only to prevent the high rate of fatalities that the disease has the potential to bring about (Taheri, 2012). Globally, many diabetics tend to live in denial on the possible physical impacts of diabetes complications such as heart attack, kidney failure, amputation, stroke, eye disease, high blood pressure. This poses a shocking awareness after diagnosis, and is likely to destabilize the psychological status of the patient (Gadsby & Khunti, 2013). Low or unstable blood sugars in diabetics cause irrationality, anger, anxiety, impatience and restlessness that may cause stress, depression and denial. Dietary management for diabetics may require that fried meals and sugary desserts be replaced with baked foods, fresh fruit s and vegetables (Gadsby & Khunti, 2013). The aim of this paper is to look into the management of this disease, especially as pertains to their dietary needs. To this effect, it is important to study the pathophysiology of diabetes, its epidemiology and natural progression to gain an understanding of the background of the illness (Gadsby & Khunti, 2013). In addition to this, the paper will study the some of the common modes of treatment, that is, the use of insulin. The paper will also cover prevention of diabetes and potential complications from the disease, management of these complications and the role of the multidisciplinary team in all this (Taheri, 2012). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Guidelines The dietary and nutritional management is fundamental for the prevention of Type 2 diabetes and the effective management of Type 1 and 2 diabetes (Feinglos & Bethel, 2008). NICE guidelines provide information to both the healthcare professionals and the diab etics that are necessary in the determination of healthy dietary choices (Feinglos & Bethel, 2008). Nutritional management is effective for diabetics, and in the prevention of

Mise-en-scne Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mise-en-scne - Essay Example The movie has gained worldwide recognition due to it being able to address a large audience on a global scale that has been able to relate with every aspect of it. This paper thus helps to provide an insight into the technical factors of the movie including things like its acting, storyline, cinematography (done by Eric Steelberg) as well as style and direction; in other words, talks about the mis en scene associated with the film. Juno has a very basic story line as well as concept attached to the tale; it is about a young girl trying to explore the nooks and crannies of intimacy and relationships without understanding the implications that might arise along with the same. The film has been directed in a very concise manner making use of pencil stylized ‘rotoscoped’ images right from the credits in the beginning, making use of animation in order to help the audience understand the maturity level of the girl and the kind of colourful life that she always wanted to live f or herself. This entire sequence took a period of seven to eight months to be mastered as each and every shot that follows Juno on her way to the medical pharmacy was taken in short screenings. The set design is incredible, assisting in providing the film with a touch of wonder. The film helps teenagers to explore the kind of curiosity that reigns within them, and how the same should be understood not by simply jumping in and trying things out with friends, but by reading about things and comprehending the facts about life from one’s parents first. It helps children and young adults to understand how friends might not be the best option when it comes to understanding such information about pregnancy and intercourse. These aspects of life are crucial to one’s existence and they must be understood well by every individual so that he is able to make his own decisions without falling into trouble or having unplanned circumstances crop up in his life. (Sciretta, Peter) Thus , the film achieved mass appeal because of the story telling as well as how the girl managed to learn her lesson without panicking much about the situation. The various characters within the movie have been portrayed in a very interesting manner. The director has taken his time to choose the main protagonists and provide them with a different twist. Juno is a young teenage girl who comes off a little strong on the first meeting with everyone. Full of sarcasm, she helps to put an indie spin on the movie and gives a very intense performance with her dominating nature and need to control everything that might not even be in her reach. However, she understands where she went wrong by getting pregnant but decides to bring about a change in a couple’s life with the help of her baby who she is willing to give up in order to make someone else happy. There was a vast amount of dramatisation in the film played by the other characters, namely Juno’s parents which helped to calm t he situation by making her understand what she had gone through, and helping her come out with a solution rather than screaming at her and making her feel the pain of the implications and consequences that she was already suffering. The two characters acted in an excellent manner, almost very real and lifelike, helping parents all around to understand how to cope with their children if they befall such a similar situation in their future. Juno herself wonderfully shows the kind of solid and sincere relationship she

Comparison of Beer Industry in Italy and Canada

Comparison of Beer Industry in Italy and Canada Introduction Beer is one of the most used beverages in the world next to coffee and tea. The beer industry therefore as we can imagine is one of the biggest industries in the world with many competitors inside of the industry. It is not surprising that many different kinds of beer and a variety of brands can be found in both Italy and Canada, and both of the countries has a long history of development of brewery industry as well. In this article, we are going to compare both of the countries markets, industry condition, cultural differences, political background and so forth, all those information will be taken into consideration, and be processed to make the final decision on which county environment is more suitable and beneficial for us to invest into. Some theories are going to be applied to analyse the cultural dimensions of both countries, such as Hofstedes cultural dimensions, and SWOT analysis, Porters Five Forces Model. Methodology What method do you use to compile your factbook and why? The methods i use to compile my factbook is that i are going to apply some frameworks from respected authors that are most applicable to my chosen industry (beer industry) such as Hofstede, SWOT analysis and Porters five forces. What prime theory and approaches do you draw on and why? Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Hofstede measures the cultural dimensions differences in different countries. There are five dimensions in this framework, namely the Power Distance Index (PDI), the Individualism-Collectivism, Masculinity-Femininity and Uncertainty Avoidance. Since Hofstede measures cultural dimensions, therefore it will be used in the cultural system page of the paper when the cultural aspects are discussed. SWOT Analysis SWOT is the abbreviation for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. It is an analytical framework to help summarize in a quick and concise way the risks and opportunities for a certain company, for my case the beer industry in two different countries, Canada and Italy. The SWOT analysis looks into internal factors within the company/industry/country (Strengths and Weaknesses) and external factors outside the company/industry/country (Opportunities and Threats). This method will eventually help us to look at the main positive, (strength and opportunities), and the negative, (weaknesses and threats), sides of both countries when comparing. Initially this should help us decide on which country would be most attractive to invest in the beer industry. For this reason, this method will be used at the end of the paper, which will give us an conclusive overview of the both countries. Porters Five Forces Model Porters five forces model argues that there are five forces in an industry to determine the extent and scale of the competition. These five forces affect the industries attractiveness. It is an efficient tool to analyse competition in the industry. In this model, five forces are the threat of substitute products or services, the threat of the entry of new competitors, the intensity of competitive rivalry, the bargaining power of customers, and the bargaining power of suppliers. The industrys attractiveness is the primary and fundamental factor to deciding the profitability, and in any industry, the rule of competition will be reflected in any of the five competitive forces. The purpose of Porters five forces is to show the attractiveness of the beer industry in both Canada and Italy and to help investors decide in which country to enter in the beer industry, besides it could help companies to develop a particular strategy in the industry, and this theory might be used in chapter whic h deals with market / industry conditions. What method of data collection and analysis do you use and why? The methods i use to collect my data are searching my universitys library modules for useful academic articles and using a mix of articles from authors known through literature and the Theory Tutorials for my Comparative Country Studies course. Of course, the reliable information on Internet is also consulted as additional sources, and i have also analyzed the annual report of the company. The beer industry of Italy and Canada In this section, relevant market conditions that apply to the Italian and Canadian beer sector will be explained. The market can be separated according to different factors like size and attractiveness as well. If we divide the market according the different market shares which individual brewery holds, we can see that there are several main player in the beer industry in both of the countries. Italy Italy is famous for its wines, however, it is not well-known for its own beer. Generally speaking, Italy doesnt consume nearly as much beer as its European neighbour, however, there is a growing trend of consumption for beer in Italy, the beer in Italy is not as widespread as in its European neighbours, mainly because there is a historical preference for wine in the country. Italian breweries have undergone a Renaissance in recent years. In fact, only in the past few years, Italy has started having beer drinking and tasting competitions and many related festivals. Normally, this sort of activity is reserved for wine, however, nowadays beer is earning more and more respect from wine-preferred Italians, and even many young Italians prefer to support their countrys beer industry rather than the wine industry now, still, the Italian beer industry has much space to grow and be developed. There are some brands of beer in Italy, one of the oldest and most recognized breweries is Birra Peroni, which was established in 1846 and the headquarter of Peroni is in Rome. Peronis most famous product is a pilsner-style beer. Nastro Azzuro, which is also one of the few Italian beers that marketed all over the world, Nastro Azzuro, is a rather light style beer, many breweries are crafting darker, heavier beers that are rousing interest from new and experienced beer drinkers alike. In addition to those giant breweries, there are many microbreweries in Italy, and they play a important role and have a great portion of the market as well. A microbrewery particularly gains attention from young Italians is Birrificio Baladin, the brewery appeals to young generation through quirky advertisements and sponsoring international music festivals and young Italians think theres room in the global beer market for some of their most outstanding brews. Canada Traditionally, Canadas largest brewing companies were Labatts and Molson. In 1995, Labatts was purchased by an Belgian company which is called Interbrew and it is now a part of Brazilian-Belgian Anheuser-Busch InBev, the worlds largest brewing company and Molson, the other largest beer company, which was merged with US company Coors in 2005 and created a new company called Molson Coors, which is the worlds fifth largest brewing company now. In 2006, with the purchase of Sleeman Breweries, the largest remaining Canadian brewery was purchased by the Japanese owned Sapporo Brewery, Canadas beer production has been mainly under the control of foreign multinationals. By the end of 2006, nearly 90% of beer sales was of product brewed domestically under licence from non-domestic corporations. American beers brewed under licence dominate much of the market. For instance, Budweiser is brewed under licence in Canada by Labatts and Coors Light by Molson. The market in Canada for domestic beer is dominated by Labatt, Molson and Sleeman, all foreign-owned companies. The largest Canadian-owned brewer, Moosehead breweries, only controls about 5.5% of the Canadian market. Country comparison Macro-economic indicators Economy Canada population 33,487,208 (July 2009 est.). Italy population 58,126,212 (July 2009 est.). Economic freedom Canada world rank 6. Economic freedom Italy world rank 87. Finance Financial freedom for Canada: 80.0. Financial freedom in Italy 60.0 Canada investment freedom 75.0. Italy investment freedom 75.0. Canada Economy -GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) $ 1.335 trillion (2010 est.). Country comparison to the world: 15. $1.297 trillion (2009 est.) $1.33 trillion (2008 est.) -GDP Per capita (PPP) $39,600 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 22 $38,700 (2009 est.) $40,000 (2008 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices) 1.6% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 41 0.3% (2009 est.) Italy Economy -GDP (PPP) $1.782 trillion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 11 $1.763 trillion (2009 est.) $1.857 trillion (2008 est.) -GDP per capita (PPP) $30,700 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 43 $30,300 (2009 est.) $31,900 (2008 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices) 1.4% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 32 0.8% (2009 est.) Historical developments Italy Beer is known and drank in Italy very long time ago, Italians brewed and consumed the blond drink. It said that Roman Emperor Agricola was a fan of beer when he was the governor of Britannia, and in 83 AD Roman Emperor Agricola raised to the imperial throne and came back to Italy, he took three master brewers with him from Glevum of which the ancient name Gloucester and opened the first real pub in Italy. Nowadays beer is especially loved by young people in Italy, which has been seen as an informal drink, compared to the wine which is alway used in much more formal places. Aperitif and wine tasting have now gained back to wine many casual drinkers, however, until a few years ago, young Italians actually drank more beer than wine. Pub-styled bars are still very popular in Italy and they have spread the love for the more exotic brands of beer: many of them serve Japanese, German, Australian and East European beers along with the more known ones brewed in the UK and Belgium. At least one bottle of Birra cinese (Chinese beer) is served on every table of every Chinese restaurant. Canada Beer was first introduced to Canada by European settlers in the seventeenth century, as Canada had an ideal climate for making and storing beer before refrigeration was introduced. The first commercial brewery was built by Jean Talon in Quebec City, in the year 1668. Over a century later a number of commercial brewers thrived, including some that became the staple of the Canadian industry: John Molson founded a brewery in Montreal in 1786, Alexander Keith inHalifax in 1820, Thomas Carling in London in 1840, John Kinder Labatt in 1847, also in London, Susannah Oland in Halifax in 1867, and Eugene OKeefe in Toronto in 1891. The very first patent to be issued by the Canadian government on July 6, 1842, was to one G. Riley for an improved method of brewing ale, beer, porter, and other maltliquors. Prohibition in Canada did not last as long as in the U.S. and was largely over by the mid 1920s (apart from Prince Edward Island, where it ran from 1901 to 1948). Nevertheless, it had a similar effect of leaving very few brewers, and it was only in the late twentieth century that there has been a revival and microbreweries have started. Brewpubs are still illegal in some provinces. Cultural system Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions of Italy and Canada Power Distance Individualism Masculinity Uncertainty Avoidance Italy Higher More collective More masculine Strong Canada Lower More individualistic More feminine Weak Power distance Canada is lower on the Hofstedes power distance index than Italy, Italy falls in the middle on the index overall. Italian seems to expect differences in power between people. Canadas Power Distance (PDI) is relatively low, with an index of 39, compared to a world average of 55. This is indicative of a greater equality between societal levels, including government, organizations, and even within families. This orientation reinforces a cooperative interaction across power levels and creates a more stable cultural environment. Individualism The more collective nature of Italy compared to Canada can be seen in many ways. It is not uncommon for grown children to live with their parents for years. Italian businesses are primarily owned by individuals and families. Business is preferably done with people with which one is familiar. Unacquainted guests will not be invited into an Italian home. Coffee or dinner will be taken with non-family members at a cafe or restaurant. Canada has Individualism (IDV) as the highest ranking (80) Hofstede Dimension, and is indicative of a society with a more individualistic attitude and relatively loose bonds with others. The populace is more self-reliant and looks out for themselves and their close family members. Masculinity Italy is a fairly masculine society and ranks slightly higher on this index than Canada. Many Italian men still treat women with gallantry and value machismo. Although women have entered the workforce, their numbers are still small and few are in upper echelon positions. Italian household are the sole domain of women; Italian women for the most part cook, clean and care for the children. Italians place a prime importance on material possessions. It is very important to look good in Italy. However, like a more feminine culture, Italians also know how to take time to appreciate the good things in life. Italians work in order to live rather than living to work. Ambition is not prevalent in Italian culture. Therefore i assume that beer as a informal beverage, it is more popular under this kind of cultural background rather than more formal cultural background countries. Uncertainty Avoidance Italy avoids uncertainly more strongly than Canada. By and large Italians prefer to do business with people they know. In addition, Italians prefer to know something about an individual before they speak with him/her on the phone. Thus, in business one should send an introductory fax and follow-up with a phone call. Political/Government System Beer or malt liquor, is defined as all fermented liquor brewed in whole or in part from malt for the purposes of the Excise Act, grain or any saccharine matter without any process of distillation, but does not include wine. Italian Alcohol Taxes and Duties Legislative Framework Alcohol Duty Beer (5% ABV or 12ËÅ ¡ Plato) 0.12Â £ per pint Wine (bottle 11.5% ABV) 0.00Â £ per 75 cl As we can see in the table of different rates of duty applies to beer in Italy, which contains following level of duty. Italy is a member of the European Union, therefore it shares the Common External Tariff regime. EU duties are charged by the Italian Customs Agency on the CIF (cost, insurance and freight) value of the product imported into Italy. The Alcohol Act (2001) bans TV and radio advertising of alcoholic products between 4PM and 9PM and prohibits alcohol advertisements from being shown on TV within 15 minutes before or after any childrens programs. The Act also requires a self-regulatory code to be provided jointly by media companies, advertising agencies and advertisers to govern alcohol advertising. For the legal drinking age, there is no minimum age of legal drinking. And the legal purchasing age of alcohol is 16 and 18. South Tyrol prohibits both serving and purchase for people under the age of 18 and to everybody in a state of inebriation. Milan has enforced a ban on those under 16 purchasing alcohol. Heavy fines are given to proprieters and parents if a transaction is completed. Canadian Alcohol Taxes and Duties Legislative Framework Beer Duty Up to 1.2% alcohol $2.591/hectolitre 1.2% to 2.5% alcohol $13.990/hectolitre Over 2.5% alcohol $27.985/hectolitre As we can see in the table of different rates of duty applies to beer, which contains following level of duty: (1) more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume; (2) more than 1.2% but not more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume; and (3) less than 1.2% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume, and for all beer containing more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume, the rate of excise duty is currently $27.985 per hectolitre. However, excise duties are not imposed on beer provided it is brewed by a person for personal or family use or to be given away without charge and is not for sale commercially. Canadian government showed how highly they value beer production and its breweries by lowering the taxes exercised on beer production. This is a benefit to the industry. As one of the leaders of the whole economy of Canada, the beer sector is likely to maintain these tax benefits and other benefits might be offered as well to the beer sector to develop the Canadian beer industry. In Canada, alcohol was taxed pursuant to the Excise Act previously. However, a new regime in Canada for the federal taxation of certain alcohol, including spirits and wines, was introduced in the Excise Act, 2001, which was implemented effective July 1, 2003. Excise duties on beer (and malt liquor) continue to be imposed under the Excise Act. Generally, different excise duty treatment applies to alcohol for non-beverage use. A licence is required authorizing certain alcohol operations under both the Excise Act, 2001, and the Excise Act. For beer, a licence is only required under the Excise Act for the commercial operation as a brewery, for example, the place where beer is manufactured. All brewery licensees are required to post and maintain security with the Canadian government. The amount of security is set at a minimum of $5,000. Generally, beer is subject to an excise duty that is imposed and becomes payable during the production process. The legal drinking and purchasing age in Canada are both 19. However, In some areas such as Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut, underage drinking under parental supervision is permitted, with some restrictions, on ones own property in the provinces of New Brunswick andOntario and at home in the provinces of Prince Edward Island, British Columbia and Saskatchewan. InBritish Columbia, only children of the supervising parents, not any other minors such as guests, are allowed underage drinking. Consumption of alcohol in another persons home is subject to other laws. Major players The brewing industry had become extremely concentrated in Canada by the 1970s, being dominated by just three major companies, which are Molson, Labatt, and Carling-OKeefe. Canadas largest brewing companies were Labatts and Molson as we mentioned in the previous overview of industry condition of both countries. In 1995, Labatts was purchased by an Belgian company which is called Interbrew which is now part of Brazilian-Belgian Anheuser-Busch InBev, the worlds largest brewing company and Molson, the other largest beer company, which was merged with US company Coors in 2005 and created a new company called Molson Coors, and it is the worlds fifth largest brewing company now. In 2006, the largest remaining Canadian brewery was purchased by the Japanese owned Sapporo Brewery, Canadas beer production has been mainly under the control of foreign multinationals. By the end of 2006, nearly 90% of beer sales was of product brewed domestically under licence from non-domestic corporations. American beers brewed under licence dominate much of the market. For instance, Budweiser is brewed under licence in Canada by Labatts and Coors Light by Molson. The market in Canada for domestic beer is dominated by Labatt, Molson and Sleeman, all foreign-owned companies. The largest Canadian-owned brewer, Moosehead breweries, only controls small portion of the Canadian market. Italy hosts a few breweries, with the largest owned by the best known Italian and foreign brands. Peronis brewery produces the best known Italian beer: la Peroni. Peroni also produces the premium beer Mastro Azzurro and the brands WÃ ¼hrer, and lesser known Raffo. Heineken Italy brews its famous Heineken, but has also acquired the brands Moretti, Ichnusa, Birra Messina and Dreher. Carslberg owns a few brewerys in Northern and Central Italy. In Northern Italy, Forst brews its own branded beer as well as the famed Menabrea. In Friuli Venezia Giulia the latest brand of Italian beer Birra Castello, has been active since 1997. Along with these big players, there are lots of microbreweries small scale breweries that produce small quantities of beer, they also have premium quality. Major finding of comparison and recommendations Making a decision in which country to invest is not so easy, because of all those different variances in both of the counties, some of the variances are strength for Canada, however, some of them are favorable for Italy. In the first place, the tax rates between Canada and Italy differ. In Canada the rates are relatively lower than in Italy due to the fact that the tax level is relatively high in the European context. In addition to this, the Canadian government reduced taxes even more to benefit Canadian brewers. Secondly, when a look is taken at macroeconomic indicators like GDP per capita we see that Canada is a bit more favorable. However, since this differences are so small, both of the countries that we have chosen are developed countries, and GDP per capita which above certain level has a relatively weak influence on the consumption of beer. Therefore, this factor is not likely to have a significant influences on the desicion of investment in the countries. Thirdly, the population above legal drinking age in the markets has been calculated starting from the age at which alcohol consumption is allowed. This would mean that we start counting the population starting from 18 years old in Italy (some area start from 16 years old) and 19 years old in Canada. We find that the relative amount of people able to purchase and consume alcohol in Italy is larger than in Canada, because the whole population is larger in Italy than in Canada, and the population of legal drinking age are also higher in Italy than in Canada, therefore, the potential market in Italy are larger than in Canada. Lastly, when comparing markets according to its players and their market shares we find that Canada has a more concentrated market with high market share large players and many small players. Italy on the other hand has two old players with a high share and one smaller player while the rest of the market consists of really small players. It would therefore be an advantage to invest in the Italian market; trying to gain and increase a market share because of the fact that there are many foreign players already play very important roles in the Canadian market, Molson Coors Brewing company and Anheuser-Busch InBev have a market share of 42,70 and 42,20 percent respectively. Third place is hold by Moosehead Brewing company with a share of 5,90 percent. These three main players hold 90,8 percent of the market in total by volume. Taking all those facts into consideration, i would say that Italy would be the country that we are going to invest in. As we explained above, we analysed both countries SWOT, for Italy, the strength is market size, the weakness is relatively higher tax rate on alcohol, and the opportunities is that there are only two big old players and some extreme small players, gaining or increasing a share is relatively easy, and the market of Italy are more potential, because Italy still on the growing phase of beer industry. Moreover, since the age allowed to drink in Italy starting from the age of 18 and in some areas are even lower to 16, and with more population in Italy, therefore the market is bigger in Italy than in Canada. In addition, nowadays the Italian government highly values the Italian beer industry due to the impact on its economy and therefore taxes are getting lower and lower. And the threats of Italy is that new public policy may harm the beer industry, such as the advertising policy we mentioned before which bans the ads of alcohol in specific period of time on TV. Comparison of Beer Industry in Italy and Canada Comparison of Beer Industry in Italy and Canada Introduction Beer is one of the most used beverages in the world next to coffee and tea. The beer industry therefore as we can imagine is one of the biggest industries in the world with many competitors inside of the industry. It is not surprising that many different kinds of beer and a variety of brands can be found in both Italy and Canada, and both of the countries has a long history of development of brewery industry as well. In this article, we are going to compare both of the countries markets, industry condition, cultural differences, political background and so forth, all those information will be taken into consideration, and be processed to make the final decision on which county environment is more suitable and beneficial for us to invest into. Some theories are going to be applied to analyse the cultural dimensions of both countries, such as Hofstedes cultural dimensions, and SWOT analysis, Porters Five Forces Model. Methodology What method do you use to compile your factbook and why? The methods i use to compile my factbook is that i are going to apply some frameworks from respected authors that are most applicable to my chosen industry (beer industry) such as Hofstede, SWOT analysis and Porters five forces. What prime theory and approaches do you draw on and why? Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Hofstede measures the cultural dimensions differences in different countries. There are five dimensions in this framework, namely the Power Distance Index (PDI), the Individualism-Collectivism, Masculinity-Femininity and Uncertainty Avoidance. Since Hofstede measures cultural dimensions, therefore it will be used in the cultural system page of the paper when the cultural aspects are discussed. SWOT Analysis SWOT is the abbreviation for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. It is an analytical framework to help summarize in a quick and concise way the risks and opportunities for a certain company, for my case the beer industry in two different countries, Canada and Italy. The SWOT analysis looks into internal factors within the company/industry/country (Strengths and Weaknesses) and external factors outside the company/industry/country (Opportunities and Threats). This method will eventually help us to look at the main positive, (strength and opportunities), and the negative, (weaknesses and threats), sides of both countries when comparing. Initially this should help us decide on which country would be most attractive to invest in the beer industry. For this reason, this method will be used at the end of the paper, which will give us an conclusive overview of the both countries. Porters Five Forces Model Porters five forces model argues that there are five forces in an industry to determine the extent and scale of the competition. These five forces affect the industries attractiveness. It is an efficient tool to analyse competition in the industry. In this model, five forces are the threat of substitute products or services, the threat of the entry of new competitors, the intensity of competitive rivalry, the bargaining power of customers, and the bargaining power of suppliers. The industrys attractiveness is the primary and fundamental factor to deciding the profitability, and in any industry, the rule of competition will be reflected in any of the five competitive forces. The purpose of Porters five forces is to show the attractiveness of the beer industry in both Canada and Italy and to help investors decide in which country to enter in the beer industry, besides it could help companies to develop a particular strategy in the industry, and this theory might be used in chapter whic h deals with market / industry conditions. What method of data collection and analysis do you use and why? The methods i use to collect my data are searching my universitys library modules for useful academic articles and using a mix of articles from authors known through literature and the Theory Tutorials for my Comparative Country Studies course. Of course, the reliable information on Internet is also consulted as additional sources, and i have also analyzed the annual report of the company. The beer industry of Italy and Canada In this section, relevant market conditions that apply to the Italian and Canadian beer sector will be explained. The market can be separated according to different factors like size and attractiveness as well. If we divide the market according the different market shares which individual brewery holds, we can see that there are several main player in the beer industry in both of the countries. Italy Italy is famous for its wines, however, it is not well-known for its own beer. Generally speaking, Italy doesnt consume nearly as much beer as its European neighbour, however, there is a growing trend of consumption for beer in Italy, the beer in Italy is not as widespread as in its European neighbours, mainly because there is a historical preference for wine in the country. Italian breweries have undergone a Renaissance in recent years. In fact, only in the past few years, Italy has started having beer drinking and tasting competitions and many related festivals. Normally, this sort of activity is reserved for wine, however, nowadays beer is earning more and more respect from wine-preferred Italians, and even many young Italians prefer to support their countrys beer industry rather than the wine industry now, still, the Italian beer industry has much space to grow and be developed. There are some brands of beer in Italy, one of the oldest and most recognized breweries is Birra Peroni, which was established in 1846 and the headquarter of Peroni is in Rome. Peronis most famous product is a pilsner-style beer. Nastro Azzuro, which is also one of the few Italian beers that marketed all over the world, Nastro Azzuro, is a rather light style beer, many breweries are crafting darker, heavier beers that are rousing interest from new and experienced beer drinkers alike. In addition to those giant breweries, there are many microbreweries in Italy, and they play a important role and have a great portion of the market as well. A microbrewery particularly gains attention from young Italians is Birrificio Baladin, the brewery appeals to young generation through quirky advertisements and sponsoring international music festivals and young Italians think theres room in the global beer market for some of their most outstanding brews. Canada Traditionally, Canadas largest brewing companies were Labatts and Molson. In 1995, Labatts was purchased by an Belgian company which is called Interbrew and it is now a part of Brazilian-Belgian Anheuser-Busch InBev, the worlds largest brewing company and Molson, the other largest beer company, which was merged with US company Coors in 2005 and created a new company called Molson Coors, which is the worlds fifth largest brewing company now. In 2006, with the purchase of Sleeman Breweries, the largest remaining Canadian brewery was purchased by the Japanese owned Sapporo Brewery, Canadas beer production has been mainly under the control of foreign multinationals. By the end of 2006, nearly 90% of beer sales was of product brewed domestically under licence from non-domestic corporations. American beers brewed under licence dominate much of the market. For instance, Budweiser is brewed under licence in Canada by Labatts and Coors Light by Molson. The market in Canada for domestic beer is dominated by Labatt, Molson and Sleeman, all foreign-owned companies. The largest Canadian-owned brewer, Moosehead breweries, only controls about 5.5% of the Canadian market. Country comparison Macro-economic indicators Economy Canada population 33,487,208 (July 2009 est.). Italy population 58,126,212 (July 2009 est.). Economic freedom Canada world rank 6. Economic freedom Italy world rank 87. Finance Financial freedom for Canada: 80.0. Financial freedom in Italy 60.0 Canada investment freedom 75.0. Italy investment freedom 75.0. Canada Economy -GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) $ 1.335 trillion (2010 est.). Country comparison to the world: 15. $1.297 trillion (2009 est.) $1.33 trillion (2008 est.) -GDP Per capita (PPP) $39,600 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 22 $38,700 (2009 est.) $40,000 (2008 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices) 1.6% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 41 0.3% (2009 est.) Italy Economy -GDP (PPP) $1.782 trillion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 11 $1.763 trillion (2009 est.) $1.857 trillion (2008 est.) -GDP per capita (PPP) $30,700 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 43 $30,300 (2009 est.) $31,900 (2008 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices) 1.4% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 32 0.8% (2009 est.) Historical developments Italy Beer is known and drank in Italy very long time ago, Italians brewed and consumed the blond drink. It said that Roman Emperor Agricola was a fan of beer when he was the governor of Britannia, and in 83 AD Roman Emperor Agricola raised to the imperial throne and came back to Italy, he took three master brewers with him from Glevum of which the ancient name Gloucester and opened the first real pub in Italy. Nowadays beer is especially loved by young people in Italy, which has been seen as an informal drink, compared to the wine which is alway used in much more formal places. Aperitif and wine tasting have now gained back to wine many casual drinkers, however, until a few years ago, young Italians actually drank more beer than wine. Pub-styled bars are still very popular in Italy and they have spread the love for the more exotic brands of beer: many of them serve Japanese, German, Australian and East European beers along with the more known ones brewed in the UK and Belgium. At least one bottle of Birra cinese (Chinese beer) is served on every table of every Chinese restaurant. Canada Beer was first introduced to Canada by European settlers in the seventeenth century, as Canada had an ideal climate for making and storing beer before refrigeration was introduced. The first commercial brewery was built by Jean Talon in Quebec City, in the year 1668. Over a century later a number of commercial brewers thrived, including some that became the staple of the Canadian industry: John Molson founded a brewery in Montreal in 1786, Alexander Keith inHalifax in 1820, Thomas Carling in London in 1840, John Kinder Labatt in 1847, also in London, Susannah Oland in Halifax in 1867, and Eugene OKeefe in Toronto in 1891. The very first patent to be issued by the Canadian government on July 6, 1842, was to one G. Riley for an improved method of brewing ale, beer, porter, and other maltliquors. Prohibition in Canada did not last as long as in the U.S. and was largely over by the mid 1920s (apart from Prince Edward Island, where it ran from 1901 to 1948). Nevertheless, it had a similar effect of leaving very few brewers, and it was only in the late twentieth century that there has been a revival and microbreweries have started. Brewpubs are still illegal in some provinces. Cultural system Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions of Italy and Canada Power Distance Individualism Masculinity Uncertainty Avoidance Italy Higher More collective More masculine Strong Canada Lower More individualistic More feminine Weak Power distance Canada is lower on the Hofstedes power distance index than Italy, Italy falls in the middle on the index overall. Italian seems to expect differences in power between people. Canadas Power Distance (PDI) is relatively low, with an index of 39, compared to a world average of 55. This is indicative of a greater equality between societal levels, including government, organizations, and even within families. This orientation reinforces a cooperative interaction across power levels and creates a more stable cultural environment. Individualism The more collective nature of Italy compared to Canada can be seen in many ways. It is not uncommon for grown children to live with their parents for years. Italian businesses are primarily owned by individuals and families. Business is preferably done with people with which one is familiar. Unacquainted guests will not be invited into an Italian home. Coffee or dinner will be taken with non-family members at a cafe or restaurant. Canada has Individualism (IDV) as the highest ranking (80) Hofstede Dimension, and is indicative of a society with a more individualistic attitude and relatively loose bonds with others. The populace is more self-reliant and looks out for themselves and their close family members. Masculinity Italy is a fairly masculine society and ranks slightly higher on this index than Canada. Many Italian men still treat women with gallantry and value machismo. Although women have entered the workforce, their numbers are still small and few are in upper echelon positions. Italian household are the sole domain of women; Italian women for the most part cook, clean and care for the children. Italians place a prime importance on material possessions. It is very important to look good in Italy. However, like a more feminine culture, Italians also know how to take time to appreciate the good things in life. Italians work in order to live rather than living to work. Ambition is not prevalent in Italian culture. Therefore i assume that beer as a informal beverage, it is more popular under this kind of cultural background rather than more formal cultural background countries. Uncertainty Avoidance Italy avoids uncertainly more strongly than Canada. By and large Italians prefer to do business with people they know. In addition, Italians prefer to know something about an individual before they speak with him/her on the phone. Thus, in business one should send an introductory fax and follow-up with a phone call. Political/Government System Beer or malt liquor, is defined as all fermented liquor brewed in whole or in part from malt for the purposes of the Excise Act, grain or any saccharine matter without any process of distillation, but does not include wine. Italian Alcohol Taxes and Duties Legislative Framework Alcohol Duty Beer (5% ABV or 12ËÅ ¡ Plato) 0.12Â £ per pint Wine (bottle 11.5% ABV) 0.00Â £ per 75 cl As we can see in the table of different rates of duty applies to beer in Italy, which contains following level of duty. Italy is a member of the European Union, therefore it shares the Common External Tariff regime. EU duties are charged by the Italian Customs Agency on the CIF (cost, insurance and freight) value of the product imported into Italy. The Alcohol Act (2001) bans TV and radio advertising of alcoholic products between 4PM and 9PM and prohibits alcohol advertisements from being shown on TV within 15 minutes before or after any childrens programs. The Act also requires a self-regulatory code to be provided jointly by media companies, advertising agencies and advertisers to govern alcohol advertising. For the legal drinking age, there is no minimum age of legal drinking. And the legal purchasing age of alcohol is 16 and 18. South Tyrol prohibits both serving and purchase for people under the age of 18 and to everybody in a state of inebriation. Milan has enforced a ban on those under 16 purchasing alcohol. Heavy fines are given to proprieters and parents if a transaction is completed. Canadian Alcohol Taxes and Duties Legislative Framework Beer Duty Up to 1.2% alcohol $2.591/hectolitre 1.2% to 2.5% alcohol $13.990/hectolitre Over 2.5% alcohol $27.985/hectolitre As we can see in the table of different rates of duty applies to beer, which contains following level of duty: (1) more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume; (2) more than 1.2% but not more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume; and (3) less than 1.2% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume, and for all beer containing more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume, the rate of excise duty is currently $27.985 per hectolitre. However, excise duties are not imposed on beer provided it is brewed by a person for personal or family use or to be given away without charge and is not for sale commercially. Canadian government showed how highly they value beer production and its breweries by lowering the taxes exercised on beer production. This is a benefit to the industry. As one of the leaders of the whole economy of Canada, the beer sector is likely to maintain these tax benefits and other benefits might be offered as well to the beer sector to develop the Canadian beer industry. In Canada, alcohol was taxed pursuant to the Excise Act previously. However, a new regime in Canada for the federal taxation of certain alcohol, including spirits and wines, was introduced in the Excise Act, 2001, which was implemented effective July 1, 2003. Excise duties on beer (and malt liquor) continue to be imposed under the Excise Act. Generally, different excise duty treatment applies to alcohol for non-beverage use. A licence is required authorizing certain alcohol operations under both the Excise Act, 2001, and the Excise Act. For beer, a licence is only required under the Excise Act for the commercial operation as a brewery, for example, the place where beer is manufactured. All brewery licensees are required to post and maintain security with the Canadian government. The amount of security is set at a minimum of $5,000. Generally, beer is subject to an excise duty that is imposed and becomes payable during the production process. The legal drinking and purchasing age in Canada are both 19. However, In some areas such as Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut, underage drinking under parental supervision is permitted, with some restrictions, on ones own property in the provinces of New Brunswick andOntario and at home in the provinces of Prince Edward Island, British Columbia and Saskatchewan. InBritish Columbia, only children of the supervising parents, not any other minors such as guests, are allowed underage drinking. Consumption of alcohol in another persons home is subject to other laws. Major players The brewing industry had become extremely concentrated in Canada by the 1970s, being dominated by just three major companies, which are Molson, Labatt, and Carling-OKeefe. Canadas largest brewing companies were Labatts and Molson as we mentioned in the previous overview of industry condition of both countries. In 1995, Labatts was purchased by an Belgian company which is called Interbrew which is now part of Brazilian-Belgian Anheuser-Busch InBev, the worlds largest brewing company and Molson, the other largest beer company, which was merged with US company Coors in 2005 and created a new company called Molson Coors, and it is the worlds fifth largest brewing company now. In 2006, the largest remaining Canadian brewery was purchased by the Japanese owned Sapporo Brewery, Canadas beer production has been mainly under the control of foreign multinationals. By the end of 2006, nearly 90% of beer sales was of product brewed domestically under licence from non-domestic corporations. American beers brewed under licence dominate much of the market. For instance, Budweiser is brewed under licence in Canada by Labatts and Coors Light by Molson. The market in Canada for domestic beer is dominated by Labatt, Molson and Sleeman, all foreign-owned companies. The largest Canadian-owned brewer, Moosehead breweries, only controls small portion of the Canadian market. Italy hosts a few breweries, with the largest owned by the best known Italian and foreign brands. Peronis brewery produces the best known Italian beer: la Peroni. Peroni also produces the premium beer Mastro Azzurro and the brands WÃ ¼hrer, and lesser known Raffo. Heineken Italy brews its famous Heineken, but has also acquired the brands Moretti, Ichnusa, Birra Messina and Dreher. Carslberg owns a few brewerys in Northern and Central Italy. In Northern Italy, Forst brews its own branded beer as well as the famed Menabrea. In Friuli Venezia Giulia the latest brand of Italian beer Birra Castello, has been active since 1997. Along with these big players, there are lots of microbreweries small scale breweries that produce small quantities of beer, they also have premium quality. Major finding of comparison and recommendations Making a decision in which country to invest is not so easy, because of all those different variances in both of the counties, some of the variances are strength for Canada, however, some of them are favorable for Italy. In the first place, the tax rates between Canada and Italy differ. In Canada the rates are relatively lower than in Italy due to the fact that the tax level is relatively high in the European context. In addition to this, the Canadian government reduced taxes even more to benefit Canadian brewers. Secondly, when a look is taken at macroeconomic indicators like GDP per capita we see that Canada is a bit more favorable. However, since this differences are so small, both of the countries that we have chosen are developed countries, and GDP per capita which above certain level has a relatively weak influence on the consumption of beer. Therefore, this factor is not likely to have a significant influences on the desicion of investment in the countries. Thirdly, the population above legal drinking age in the markets has been calculated starting from the age at which alcohol consumption is allowed. This would mean that we start counting the population starting from 18 years old in Italy (some area start from 16 years old) and 19 years old in Canada. We find that the relative amount of people able to purchase and consume alcohol in Italy is larger than in Canada, because the whole population is larger in Italy than in Canada, and the population of legal drinking age are also higher in Italy than in Canada, therefore, the potential market in Italy are larger than in Canada. Lastly, when comparing markets according to its players and their market shares we find that Canada has a more concentrated market with high market share large players and many small players. Italy on the other hand has two old players with a high share and one smaller player while the rest of the market consists of really small players. It would therefore be an advantage to invest in the Italian market; trying to gain and increase a market share because of the fact that there are many foreign players already play very important roles in the Canadian market, Molson Coors Brewing company and Anheuser-Busch InBev have a market share of 42,70 and 42,20 percent respectively. Third place is hold by Moosehead Brewing company with a share of 5,90 percent. These three main players hold 90,8 percent of the market in total by volume. Taking all those facts into consideration, i would say that Italy would be the country that we are going to invest in. As we explained above, we analysed both countries SWOT, for Italy, the strength is market size, the weakness is relatively higher tax rate on alcohol, and the opportunities is that there are only two big old players and some extreme small players, gaining or increasing a share is relatively easy, and the market of Italy are more potential, because Italy still on the growing phase of beer industry. Moreover, since the age allowed to drink in Italy starting from the age of 18 and in some areas are even lower to 16, and with more population in Italy, therefore the market is bigger in Italy than in Canada. In addition, nowadays the Italian government highly values the Italian beer industry due to the impact on its economy and therefore taxes are getting lower and lower. And the threats of Italy is that new public policy may harm the beer industry, such as the advertising policy we mentioned before which bans the ads of alcohol in specific period of time on TV.