Fashion in 60s Essay -- essays research papers

If you look back through the past sixty years of fashion, you may notice a pattern. mess may say that the true years of fashion began in the late nineteen forties and went on through the early nineteen sixties. If you look at fashion today, its almost repeated the look from sixty years ago. In each generation fashion trends become based on history and/or important events. in the nineteen forties fashion was being modeled by the military wear. World contend II caused a drastic compound in the way clothes were being made and worn. In the nineteen fifties Americans admired the fashion of movie stars and music artists. Media had a strong curve on the wordly trend. The people of the sixties expressed on that point personalities and emotions through there habilitate. They wanted to look independent. By looking at these three generations, we can meditate on how fashion today maybe repeating itself. It is worthless to discuss fashion of the forties without first understanding the tre mendous impact World War II had on everyday life during the early part of the decade. World War II changed the world of fashion forever. Severe restrictions were imposed on the apperal manufacturing by the government (Keogh). For men the tailored silhoutte, with padded shoulders and a narrow waist and hips, were essentially frozen until the late nineteen forties (Keogh). Women were forced to recycle there clothing, or hand them down to other women when the clothing was not being used for example, the wedding dress, It was a way of conserving fabrics(Thomas). Most fabrics at the cartridge holder were purchased " ready made". This meant that the fabrics were already sewn together to be worn. In some areas where blot fabrics could not be purchsed or blockades prevented shipments. Women would use the art of sewing, or making there own clothing by putting fabrics together. This was a more detailed but less expensive way to get clothing (Thomas). The fabrics for clothing during the time of war that were being worn were very dull. Because of the depressing times women and men simplified there clothing. Fabrics were available mostly as significant colors, stripes, and plaids (Thomas). In an effort to comply with the restrictions imposed on them, American designers created a new style of suits for women. Skirts were short and straight topped by short jackets of twenty-five inches or less in length. Cardigans match... ...hen women tried to look like men, now in the sixties men had long hair and almost looked like women. The 60s were a time of change and challenge. They brought hippies, space age, folk music, and the Beatles. Womens skirts got shorter, mens hair got longer, and everyone talked about love. The 60s was characterized by the feeling that a break with the past had been achieved. Clothes, furniture, and products all looked newer, brighter, and more fun. The light 60s were at their height. Fashion in the 60s tended to encourage exhibitionism. &nbs p    Music and Media played a big role in fashion. Mary Quant was the fashion designer and entrepreneur obligated for the "London Look" of the 60s. A music group named the Beatles was a reason why london fashion became the new rage. Women and men adored the look for there favorite music group. The London look consisted of She was the inventor of the min-skirt and hot pantsShe proclaimed "good taste is death, vulgarity is life" and summarized the fashion of the 60s as "arrogant, aggressive and sexy." Although she is compose designing today, she is largely known for her 60s creations.

Evaluation of The Woman In Black Essay -- Drama

Evaluation of The Woman In BlackOn the 26/6/05 we went to see a performance called the women in rawwith all the pupils who chose drama as their gcse. We made our way tothe coach and got ready to leave. The coach drove into London andeveryone was very enthusiastic about seeing this meetfulness as it wassupposed to be scary and most people there hadnt been to the theatre.First we went to the theatre where we were given a preview of howthey used redness and sound on the stage. I was incredibly interestedat how the lighting was such a big part in a performance It alterthe whole mood of the audience meaning that the sound and lightingdirector can control our mood before the actors even get on the stage.This I think is vital for the actors, for example if the lights werevery bright and you were trying to pull of a scary scene it justwouldnt work or it would be very hard to pull off. But if the lightswere dim or even on black out then the mood would change, darkness isa near tool to u se, but used too often can ruin a play. Darknessplayed a major part in the play it was used two or three times, butonly one being used to scare the audience. This created tension assometimes, nothing scary would pass along when the lights got dim. Soundswere also used with the lighting to create or make you use yourimagination on the stage. Different sounds were played, but I foundthat the best caper they used was the journey the main characterdoes on the...

Dissociative Identity Disorder Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly know as quadruple Personality Disorder (MPD) is considered by the American Psychiatric Association to be one of 4 main kinds of dissociative incommodes (DSM-IV) The essential feature of dissociative disorders is a disturbance or alteration in the normally integrative functions of identity, memory, or consciousness (8). If identity is the main function affected, the person is said to have DID. nearly non-DID people have one identity comprised of many parts that work harmoniously together. They have only one I-function which consists of a conglomeration of thoughts and feelings formed from connections amidst many different brain areas. People with MPD, however, have a decentralized, internal network of 2 or more I- functions or alters, each with its own physiology, behavior, and cognitions. disassociation often enables victims to maintain a relatively healthy level of functioning because traumatic memories are disconnected from other i nformation in their minds. A four-fold presents her view of DID We do not SUFFER FROM MPD. We SURVIVE because of MPD (6). Living with this disorder is often an extremely lonely, confusing experience. Luckily, there has been much success in treating this disorder thanks to the extensive research conducted into DID etiology. The etiology may be explained by the diathesis-stress model. There appears to be a biological component given the fact that most people with DID have a family history of the disorder. It has to a fault been found that people who are easily hypnotized are more susceptible to DID (5). The stress is known to come from severe physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse at a developmentally sensitive stage in childhood (3). When a per... ...ted. Another accident is that everyone possesses different centers of connections and somehow after repeated dissociation episodes, some peoples links become severed. Findings from DID research may be helpful for DID and non-DID suf ferers alike. Research into this area has talk a lot of light into what kinds of cognitions lead to healthy functioning, among the most important of which are the need for a sense of control and self-love and respect. The research also highlights the interconnectedness of the mind and body the fact that the psychological has a very real affect on the physiological and vice versa. Internet Sourceshttp//www.sidran.org/casa.htmlhttp//www.sidran.org/didbr.htmlhttp//rossinst.com/case2.htmhttp//www.rossinst.com/2yr_study.htmhttp//www.trauma-pages.com/vanderk4.htmhttp//www.trauma-pages.com/vanderk2.htm

Nine Stages of Divine Vision :: essays research papers

Nine Stages of Divine VisionNine academic degrees of life atomic number 18 formed by ball club crises that shape our awareness and the way we envision and experience the divine in both our cultural and isolated lives. Out vision of the divine is determined by the unique forms and forces in each stage of our lives.The first stage is the unborn stage of the womb. The first part of the first stage is the unborn womb. Since the womb is virtually perfect for our prenatal needs, there is an incomparable experience of Kinesthetic euphoria which is the ideal condition for the realization of mirth. The womb provides for the need before it even suffers the need. The bliss is the idea that self-sufficient awareness that precedes desire and satisfaction, and still haunts after birth has broken the primal serenity. The second part of the first stage is the Lakshm and Vishnu within the jovial serpent. The unborn bliss is the first taste of paradise, which we all seek to recover. Each succee ding stage builds upon this infinite awareness adding its own images and forms to its evolving biological, social and psychological experience. Buddha and rescuer both include this idea in their teachings.The next stage is the baby stage of the divine mother. The first part of this stage is the Venus of Laussel. There are many images of her floating around that she is over 20,000 years old. She ruled over human being awareness. Her predecessors thought it was simple just as the human mother creates human life, so the Great Mother of the creation creates all life plants and animals. By her breasts she nourishes her whole creation. She is the universe. The sun and moon are her eyes. The Milky Way are her breasts. And the landed estate is her body. Maybe she is still with us when we speak of Mother Nature. Mother Goddess is the first personification of the divine in human form. The second part of the second stage is the Madonna of Mercy. This Divine Goddess can resolve our problems and be with us all the time. She can also satisfy our deepest needs and open us to the heavenly access of eternal and immortal life. The youth stage of the divine father is the next stage. He is the supreme deity of the Romans, named Jupiter. When man seizes the divine power for himself and expels the women from the dignity they post for millennia as the divine mother.

baseball turnaround Essay -- essays research papers

The title of this book is Baseball Turnaround and the author is Matt Christopher.This is a story of baseball and how it is a team sport. The book relates with the title by showing how this boy named Sandy Comstock that run intos on the Grantville Raiders and has a big game coming up. It was against the Newtown Raptors. He cute to beat them and become one of the best teams. By the time he knew it he ended up on the Newtown Raptors team and he was going to play is old team. It was kind of similar a baseball turnaround.Sportsmanship is an important when you are in sports. When Sandy was coaching the Dolphins, an orphanage baseball team, he gave good comments like youll get em next time and nice job. He always kept the kids motivated and ready to go by giving uplifted fives and slapping each others hands. When he was playing on the Raiders he missed an easy catch and some people would go off on a rampage solely Sandy he just kept going like it never happened. When Perry Warden Showe d up to one of Sandys games he kept saying negative remarks like nice jobnot and get him out of there. That doesnt only hurt Sandy but it hurts his teammates. One game Sandy was playing, the other team lost and a kid went wild and he started insulting Sandys team and threw his mitt and he was mad.One night, Sandy went to the store because everybody was busy at his house and it seemed to him they did...

baseball turnaround Essay -- essays research papers

The title of this platter is Baseball Turnaround and the author is Matt Christopher.This is a story of baseball and how it is a team sport. The book relates with the title by showing how this boy named sandy Comstock that plays on the Grantville Raiders and has a big game coming up. It was against the Newtown Raptors. He wanted to beat them and become whiz of the best teams. By the time he knew it he ended up on the Newtown Raptors team and he was going to play is old team. It was kind of like a baseball turnaround.Sportsmanship is an important when you are in sports. When light-haired was coaching the Dolphins, an orphanage baseball team, he gave good comments like youll get em succeeding(prenominal) time and nice job. He always kept the kids motivated and ready to go by giving high fives and slapping each others hands. When he was playing on the Raiders he missed an easy catch and some people would go off on a rampage barely Sandy he just kept going like it never happened. When Perry Warden Showed up to one of Sandys games he kept saying ban remarks like nice jobnot and get him out of there. That doesnt only hurt Sandy but it hurts his teammates. One game Sandy was playing, the other team lost and a kid went wild and he started insulting Sandys team and threw his glove and he was mad.One night, Sandy went to the store because everybody was busy at his house and it seemed to him they did...

Cloud computing Service Essay

The denigrate refers to the Internet it is usually hosted on more then wiz and only(a) server in multiple locations, normally uncomplete the public nor the businesses know where the information is located. Many consumers are turning to the cloud to store and retrieve their information from any computer in the world. They are development this help to store their software, conduct, documents, other personal and all business operations. Many different consumers are employ cloud but many are using cloud with out taking a look at the advantages and disadvantages that comes with using the cloud reason service. in that respect are three types of service provider by cloud computing models. One is software as a service or SaaS, this service provides consumers with the ability to access user application or service that is located within the cloud. In this service consumer are responsible for update and maintaining the operating system and software. Some of the providers that offer Sa aS is Google and Microsoft.The second service provider is weapons platform as a Service or Paas. Paas allows consumers to purchase access to the platform and solution stack, which includes system, programming language, database and web server. Consumers also, can build their own applications, which could run on the cloud service provider. Some of the providers are Googles app engine and force.com.Lastly, there is the Infrastructure as a services or Iaas. Iaas provides basic storage and computing capabilities as services over the network. Consumers suss out and maintain the systems in term of the operating systems, applications, storage, and network connectivity, but consumers do not have any control over the cloud infrastructure. Some providers of the Iaas are, Amazon, GoGrid and 3 Tera.Another type of provider is deployment model of cloud computing, where consumer chooses a unique is based on their specific requirements. There are four primary cloud deployment model private cloud , community cloud, public cloud and hybrid cloud. Private cloud is operated only by one organization,it can also be managed by the organization or third party and externally. Community clouds are shared by many organizations, and support a specific community that has similar interests and requirements. Public cloud is owned and operated by third party, were it is available for the public on a commercial basis. Lastly, hybrid cloud is two or more deployment like private, community and/or public this gives the user the ability through their interface to allow data, and also applications to move them from one cloud to some other.The advantage of using cloud-computing service is that it can be accessed from any part of the world as long as there is Internet connection.The woo is significantly lower to operating data processing service with compared to the older meth of establishing and maintaining software and hardware on an internal system. This will remove the make for operating co sts that accompanying with purchasing or by leasing such software and hardware.Depending on the cloud provider used, storing information to the cloud is almost gives illimitable storage capacity, that will give the public and business no more worries about not having enough storage space. Since data is stored in the cloud, backing up and restoring is much easier then storing on a physical device. Most cloud computing service providers usually are skilled enough to handle convalescence of information.The disadvantage of cloud computing service is the technical issues, security issues, and that the information is easily prone to attacks. Even though we can access the information and data on the cloud from anywhere in the world, there are times that the system can have some serious dysfunction.The consumers should be aware that engineering science is always prone to outages and technical issues. Even the best cloud providers will run into these kind of problems, in spitefulness of k eeping high standards of maintenance. Consumers will neediness a reliable internet connection server at all times, but will be consistently be stuck with networking and connectivity problems.The security to the cloud is another major issues that the consumer dont look at when submitting all their personal and companies sensitive information that it is being submitted to a third party cloud computing service provider, which could put your information in great risk. Consumer should make absolutely sure that the provider they choose is reliable and will keep their information totally secure. The cloud provider is prone to attack by hack attack and other threats. Storing your information in the cloud could make your personal and business unprotected. Although zippo on the Internet is completely secure, and there is always the lurking possibility of stealth of sensitive data.Any user of any Internet storing should carefully look at the advantage and disadvantage of cloud computing ser vice before submitting any type of information. Also consumers should be aware of the potential risks and problems that is accompany with the cloud.WORKS CITEDJr, R. C. (2010, expansive 24). Retrieved October 26, 2012, from boardroombrief.comViswanathan, P. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2012, from www.about.com

International Human Resource Managementp20-3, 4, 5

Title Homework P20-3, 4, 5 for International human resource management Page number 3 1, Discuss two HR activities in which a multinational firm must engage that would non be required in a domestic help environment. (1) More HR activities To operate in an international environment, a human resource department must engage in a number of activities that would not be necessary in a domestic environment international taxation international re positioning and orientation administrative services for expatriates host disposal relations and language translation services. 2) Risk exposure The direct costs (salary, training costs and travel and relocation expenses) of failure to the parent firm whitethorn be as high as three times the domestic salary plus relocation expenses, depending on currency exchange rates and location assignments. Another aspect of rick exposure that is relevant to IHRM is terrorism. 2, why is a greater degree of involvement in employees personal lives inevitable in many international HRM activities?A greater degree of involvement in employees personal lives is necessary for the selection, training and effective management of both PCN and TCN employees. In the international HR department must be much more involved in order to provide the level of support required and will motivation to know more about the employees personal life. The HR department or HR professional needs to ensure that the expatriate employee understands housing arrangements, health care, and all aspects of the compensation package provided for the assignment(cost-of- living allowances, premiums, taxes and so on). , Discuss at least two of the variables that moderate differences between domestic and international HR practices. (1) Attitudes of fourth-year management to international operations. It is likely that if senior management does not have a strong international orientation, the importance of international operations may be underemphasized in terms of corporate goals and objectives. In such situations, managers may tend to focus on domestic issues and minimize differences between international and domestic environments. 2)The ethnical environment The cultural environment is an important variable that moderates differences between domestic and international HRM. The new environment requires many adjustments in a relatively improvident period of time, challenging peoples frames of reference to such an extent that sense of self, especially in terms of nationality, comes into question. People , in effect, experience a shock reaction to new cultural experiences that cause psychological disorientation because they misunderstand or do not recognize important cues.

Project Closures Essay

Everything with a beginning must have an dismiss and a put up is not quite a complete until the closing stage is considered successful. (Sanghera, P.2009 p.223) Scenario one pass completion a project that has met its objectiveThis scenario delights the project manager and his or her team as it is the ideal end to any project. It involves closing all activities related to the project both the within and without. Here the project manager (PM) meets with the stakeholders to gain their final approval of the project, ascertain that the deliverable meets the completion standards, conclude contract arrangements with vendors, transfer responsibility of project output to other people, release people and other resources, and document lessons learned. (Sunny & Baker pp330-331).Scenario two Closing a project that was terminated earlyIn this scenario a project pile be terminated for a number of reasons. From the discussion question we maxim that a project can be adjudged to have failed, if it cannot meet up objective, expected to fail or are no longer in outline with the objective of the company can be terminated. Bommer & Pease, 1991further provided reasons like paucity of funding, technological obsolescence, changes in consumer trends, mergers and acquisitions loss of the champion and negative cost/benefit ratio. However whatever might have being the underlying cause of the resultant role of a project, it is still very important that the project is closed formally.In that regard, there is no difference between closing a project that has met its objectives and a project that was terminated early in its life. Both scenarios must undergo the close project cognitive operation and the close procurement process. But the following differences can be observed (1)In the first scenario there is a tangible project deliverable that can be transferred to other people, it may serve as inputs to another project. While in the second scenario there may be no tangible deliverable . (2)The stirred currents observed in both scenarios are quite different, in the first scenario the PM and everyone associated with the project are elated and feels fulfilled, leading to more latent heartiness for future projects and commitment to the organisation. In the second case, negative emotions may be generated which can be counterproductive to future projects and the organisation. This situation can arise when elderly management arbitrarily cancels a project without carrying the team along.Administrative closureThis is the process of formally bringing to an end all project activities. It relates to the closing process group and the integration management knowledge area. (Sanghera 2010 p377) The accepted project deliverable after its verification is compared with the project management plan and other closure guidelines and procedures onwards it is handed over to the customer. This action is necessary for both scenarios one and two.Contract closureThis occurs when the ter ms of the contract have been reached or when there is a termination before the terms can be reached. The latter case usually involves compensation. In multi-phased projects contract closure can occur more than once bit administrative closure occurs only once. The acceptance of the deliverable takes place during the administrative closure.ConclusionAdministrative closure and contract closure both occur in closing a project that has met its objective and one that is terminated early. In the latter case care should be taken to carry the team members along in the process of project termination in order to boost their morale and productivity for future projects.

Normative ethics Essay

Meta value orientations talks to the highest degree the nature of ethics and moral reasoning. Discussions about whether ethics is relative and whether we al ports act from expedience atomic number 18 examples of meta-ethical discussions. In fact, drawing the conceptual distinction betwixt Metaethics, Normative moral philosophy, and Applied Ethics is itself a metaethical analysis. Normative ethics is interested in ascertain the content of our moral behavior. Normative ethical theories taste to provide action-guides procedures for answering the Practical Question (What ought I to do? ).The moral theories of Kant and Bentham be examples of normative theories that seek to provide guidelines for determining a specific course of moral action. Think of the Categorical Imperative in the case of the former and the Principle of Utility in the case of the latter. Applied Ethics attempts to deal with specific realms of human action and to craft criteria for discussing issues that might arise within those realms. The contemporary field of Applied Ethics arouse in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Today, it is a thriving part of the field of ethics.Numerous books and web-sites be devoted to topics such as line of business Ethics, Computer Ethics, and Engineering Ethics. Ethical Relativism Distinctions within Relativism There is a distinction between morals and more(prenominal)s. The latter potful be de all rightd as amend customs (e. g. , tea at 4) the former as supervisement of others (e. g. , the practice of Apartheid). In discussing Relativism, we are concerned only with moral practices. The Problem of Relativism What nonpareil society considers Right, a nonher troupe considers Wrong.Therefore, RIGHT AND WRONG are RELATIVE to a PARTICULAR SOCIETY. Here we subscribe to to be aware of cardinal things (1) enigmatical harmless conventions (The British drive on the left side of the road) with harmful practices (Clitorectomy is customary among the Somali). (2) Even if moralities may differ from society to society, it neediness not get hitched with that morality Itself is relative for there is a further distinction between CULTURAL (descriptive) RELATIVISM and NORMATIVE (Ethical) RELATIVISM.Cultural (descriptive) Relativism The descriptive relativist but notes certain sociological FACTS (a) Factual Claims x is considered right in Society y at era t and x is considered handle in Society z at time t. (b) Empirical Conclusion Moralities are relative Note that the claims of Cultural Relativism are all true or false. Normative (ethical) Relativism The normative relativist goes beyond any sociological facts.(a) Normative Claim What is considered right in Society x at time t IS right for that Society. (b) Theoretical (metaethical) Claim Morality Itself is Relative. Note that ethical relativism does not logic altogethery follow from any truths uncovered by descriptive relativism. Note likewise that the ethical relativist has a har d time explaining how radical moral change can occur within a certain society (as with sla rattling or womens suffrage in the linked States). Ethical Egoism Psychological and Ethical Egoism.As a metaethical theory of motivation, psychological egoism asserts the descriptive claim that all of our actions can be reduce to self-interest When ever people do something, it is only because they think something desirable for themselves will result from it. The claim is descriptive and thus open to counterexamples, and it is broad, stating a reductionistic thesis regarding all of our actions. (Contrast psychological egoism with the psychological republic of sympathy, where the weal and woe of the other becomes the motive for our action.)Ethical egoism is a normative theory that states that our actions ought to be d iodin from the perspective of self-interest. One of the problems with this position is that it might not be in ones self-interest to have eveyone act from the perspective of se lf-interest. This state of nature would not be desirable (in Hobbes terms, demeanor would be beastly, brutal, and short) and so it might ultimately be in ones self-interest to enter into a contract with others that would place restraints upon self-interested actions.Utilitarian Theories Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that places the locus of right and wrong solely on the outcomes (consequences) of choosing one action/policy over other actions/policies. As such, it moves beyond the scope of ones own interests and takes into account the interests of others. Benthams Utility Principle (1)Recognizes the heavy design of pain and diversion in human life, (2) approves or disapproves of an action on the basis of the amount of pain or cheer brought about i.e, consequences, (3) equates advanced with pleasure and evil with pain, and (4) asserts that pleasure and pain are capable of quantification (and hence measure).In measuring pleasure and pain, Bentham int roduces the following criteria INTENSITY, DURATION, CERTAINTY (or UNCERTAINTY), and its NEARNESS (or FARNESS). He also includes its fecundity (will more of the same follow? ) and its purity (its pleasure wont be followed by pain & vice versa). In considering actions that mend numbers of people, we must also account for its EXTENT.John Stuart Mill adjusted the more hedonistic tendencies in Benthams philosophy by emphasizing (1) It is not the quantity of pleasure, but the quality of happiness that is central to utilitarianism, (2) the calculus is unreasonable qualities cannot be quantified (there is a distinction between higher and lower pleasures), and (3) utilitarianism refers to the Greatest triumph Principle it seeks to promote the capability of achieving happiness (higher pleasures) for the most amount of people (this is its extent). Act and Rule Utilitarianism.We can apply the principle of utility to either PARTICULAR ACTIONS or GENERAL RULES. The former is cal direct act-ut ilitarianism and the latter is called rule-utilitarianism. Act-utilitarianism The principle of utility is apply directly to each alternative act in a occurrence of choice. The right act is then defined as the one which brings about the best results (or the least amount of bad results). * Criticisms of this view point to the difficulty of attaining a full knowledge and certainly of the consequences of our actions.* It is possible to justify immoral acts using AU Suppose you could end a regional war by excruciating children whose fathers are enemy soliders, thus revealing the hide outs of the fathers. Rule-utilitarianism The principle of utility is used to determine the validity of rules of conduct (moral principles). A rule like promise-keeping is naturalised by looking at the consequences of a world in which people broke promises at will and a world in which promises were binding. Right and wrong are then defined as following or breaking those rules.* Some criticisms of this position point out that if the Rules take into account more and more exceptions, RU collapses into AU. * More genearl criticisms of this view argue that it is possible to generate unjust rules according to the principle of utility. For example, slavery in Greece might be right if it led to an overall achievement of cultivated happiness at the expense of some mistreated individuals. Deontological Theories Acting from Duty Deontological normative ethical theories place the locus of right and wrong in autonomous adherence to moral laws or duties.Monistic deontology Kants Categorical Imperative (Act only on that maxim whereby chiliad canst at the same time will that it should become a everyday law) provides the source of right action. Its first formulation states Act as if the maxim of your action were to secure through your will a universal law of nature its second formulation states Always act so as to treat humanity, whether in your own person or that of another, as an end in its elf, never as a means only. Actions that conform to these imperatives (i. e., right actions) and are, furthermore, done from a sense of duty, are the epitome of morally praiseworthy actions. Critics of Kants approach claim that his Categorical Imperative does not contain within it a way to resolve conflicts of duties. Lying is wrong can be symbolizeed as Never lie and thus Universal Principles can harden into Absolute Principles. pluralistic deontology For the 20th Century philosopher W. D. Ross, there are a number of duties that reflection reveals and these form a group of prima facie obligations.The phrase prima facie (all things be equal) refers to the fact that these duties do not bind us absolutely, but rather that they more often than not hold absent any further considerations. Two diagnose duties are nonmaleficence (dont harm others) and beneficence (help others). Other prima facie duties include dont lie, dont kill, keep promises, etc. When conflicts occur between dut ies, our actual duty becomes that which intuitive judgment discerns as the right thing to do (e. g. , lying to save the life of an innocent person).Critics are cautious about referring to intuition as the criterion for determining our actual course of action. Stephen Toulmin suggested that we weigh up, as salutary as we can, the risks involved in ignoring either, and choose the lesser of two evils. Thus, while the principles may be deontic in nature, a resolution of conflicts of principles could appeal to probable consequences. fairness Ethics Historical Perspective There is a vast tradition in ethics that places great importance on the kind of person one is. We not only want those slightly us to circulate the truth (for example, according to the Categorical Imperative), but also to be honest. Both Aristotle (arete) and Aquinas (virtu) emphasized this aspect of ethics by highlighting the role of what we would forthwith call character in their discussions of ethics (and the cl assic virtues of courage, justness, and moderation). David Hume also gave virtue and personal merit a key role in his ethical theory. The juvenile revival of interest in virtue ethics can be traced back to Philippa Foot.She writes that a persons virtue may be judged by his innermost desires as well as by his intentions and this fits with our idea that a virtue such as generosity lies as much in someones attitudes as in his actions . The Moral Concept of Virtue We should distinguish the virtues found in a point society or culture (e. g. , chastity) from those virtues that can be supported by moral reasoning (e. g. , honesty). A virtue is a trait of character that is socially valued, and a moral virtue is a trait that is morally valuedMoral reasons must support a claimof moral virtue .By emphasizing the priority of character in discussions of ethics, virtue theorists can say rather than using rules and judicature regulations to protect subjects in research, some claim that the mo st reliable protection is the presence of an informed, conscientious, compassionate, accountable researcher. The underlying view here is that character is more important than conformity to rules and that virtues should be inculcated and cultivated over time through educational interactions, role models, etc.A practical consequence of this view is that the education of, for example medical doctors, should include the cultivation of virtues such as compassion, discernment, trustworthiness, integrity, conscientiousness as well as benevolence (desire to help) and nonmalevolence (desire to avoid harm). Critical Evaluation of Virtue Ethics Often times we encounter morality between strangers (as when one enters an Emergency fashion after a car accident). At these times, its not the persons character, but his/her need to follow rules and procedures that seem to come to the forefront (Virtue is not enough).Furthermore, persons of good character can certainly formulate bad policy or retain a poor choice and we need to evaluate those policies and choices according to moral principles. Constructive Evaluation of Virtue Ethics Yet ethical theory is more complete if the virtues are includedmotives be to be at center stage in a way that some leading traditional theories have inadequately appreciated To look at acts without also looking at the moral appropriateness and desirability of feelings, attitudes, forms of sympathy, and the like is to miss a large area of the moral picture (B&C, 4th Ed., 69) gratuitous Rights and Communitarian Theories Today we often find moral problems framed by perspectives derived from political philosophy. Issues like euthanasia, stem cell research and stillbirth as well as distributive justice concerns such as social security and medi compassionate, are likely to be seen along the free/conservative divide. Traditional moral theories need to take these modelings into consideration. Will Kymlickas Introduction to Political Philosophy provi des analyses of the philosophical ideas behind the ideological debates that now envelop many topics in moral philosophy.Of particular value is his discussion of liberal equality, libertarianism, and communitarianism. Liberal equality is often associated with the train on John Rawls in his Theory of Justice. It argues that we should rationally affirm two constitutional principles of justice designed to protect our political liberties and social opportunities. It can be directly contrasted with the libertarian ideas found in Robert Nozicks Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Nozick challenges Rawlss approach to social inequalities and argues for a minimalist state.But both authors (and their followers) conceive of individuals as Socratic in nature, capable of reasoning about their life plan and questioning, in principle, the world around them. In this sense, they are both liberals in the tradition of John Stuart Mills essay, On Liberty. For liberals, the question about the good life requir es us to make a judgment about what sort of a person we wish to be. Thus liberals will emphasize the role of choice and freedom from government interference in private matters.For communitarians, on the other hand, individuals are not atomistic, unencumbered selves individuals are situated within a community, embedded in the authoritative wisdom of our human culture. Communal values are authoritative horizons wherein we take our orientation toward life . The self is not prior to, but rather constitute by, its ends we cannot distinguish me from my ends and our selves are at least partly constituted by ends that we do not choose, but rather discover by virtue of our universe embedded in some shared social context .Since self-determination does not occur in a vacuum, the government needs to support a social environment that is conducive to the development of what is best in all of us. For those communitarians who are social conservatives, this will often take the form of a forwar d motion family values that can, for example, discourage changes in the institution of marriage. Broadly speaking, these two positions account for the divide between liberals and social conservatives in dealing with matters such as abortion and euthanasia. In these situations, liberals tend to become pro-choice and social conservatives tend to become pro-life. ***** As is to be expected in a modern, pluralistic democracy, many of these issues are addressed in the political realm and through the political process (including the courts). But the kinds of cases that arise within these areas should also be addressed within the framework of applied ethics as a way to get clearer about the nature of the problem and its potential for resolution. Indeed, we often see analyses found in applied ethics, such as the concept of a person in the morally significant sense or the distinction between killing and allowing to die, embedded in the political debate itself.Ethics of Care In the 1970s and 80s feminist writers began to question the assumptions behind many of the traditional ethical theories. Carol Gilligans work in moral psychology challenged justice-based approaches to moral discussion men tend to embrace an ethic of rights using quasi-legal terminology and impartial principles women tend to affirm an ethic of care that centers on responsiveness in an interconnected network of needs, care, and prevention of harm. Taking care of others is the core notion. Annette Baiers philosophical account of an ethics of care does not recommend that we discard categories of obligation, but that we make room for an ethic of love and trust, including an account of human bonding and friendship. In both of these accounts, there is a specific criticism of Traditional Liberal Theory and its emphasis on impartiality and universality The impartiality and the standpoint of detached fairness advocated by liberal theories of justice, overlook, for example, the moral role of attachment to t hose close to us.Speaking from the perspective of medical ethics, The care perspective is particularly meaningful for roles such as parent, friend, physician, and nurse, in which contextual reaction, attentiveness to subtle clues, and the deepening of special relationships are likely to be more momentous morally than impartial treatment In articulating the challenge to universal principles, Beauchamp and Childress write We can produce rough generalizations about how caring physicians and nurses respond to patients, for example, but these generalizations will not be subtle enough to give subservient guidance for the next patient.Each situation calls for a set of responses outside any generalization. Proponents of an Ethics of Care emphasize the roles of Mutual Interdependence and ruttish Response that play an important part in our moral lives many human relationships involve persons who are vulnerable, dependent, ill, and frail and the desirable moral response is inclined atten tiveness to needs, not detached respect for rights (B&C, 373) and The person who acts from rule-governed obligations without appropriately aligned feelings such as worry when a friend suffers seems to have a moral deficiency.In additioninsight into the needs of others and considerate alertness to their circumstances often come from the emotions more than reason. Thus the emotions seem to have a cognitive role, allowing us to grasp a situation that may not be immediately available to one arguing solely from a justice perspective. Critical Evaluation of the Care Ethic The example of a nurse who personally wants to help a patient die, but who will not do so as it violates professional duty, shows that the ethics of care must confront situations in which bona fide requirements of impartiality conflict with acting partially from care. Some feminists actually interpret the care ethic as culturally determined by the male hierarchy. For example, a terminally ill grand mother may request t o be allowed to die because she doesnt want to be a bother to her family. Here someone like Susan Sherwin sees a need to examine the social context of care as well as to establish limits to the ethics of care. Both enterprises would involve appeals to justice Constructive Evaluation of the Care EthicSensitivity and emotional response to particular situations (like family discussions with physicians) provide important guides to morally acceptable actions. A care ethic also seems to favor adopting procedures from Conflict Resolution and Dispute Mediation as alternative ways to approach an apparent ethical conflict. Hedonism The term hedonism, from the Greek word (hedone) for pleasure, refers to several related theories about what is good for us, how we should behave, and what motivates us to behave in the way that we do.All hedonistic theories identify pleasure and pain as the only important elements of whatever phenomena they are designed to describe. If hedonistic theories identifie d pleasure and pain as merely two important elements, instead of the only important elements of what they are describing, then they would call it Hedonism uld not be nearly as unpopular as they all are. However, the claim that pleasure and pain are the only things of ultimate importance is what makes hedonism distinctive and philosophically interesting.Philosophical hedonists tend to concenter on hedonistic theories of value, and especially of well-being (the good life for the one living it). As a theory of value, hedonism states that all and only pleasure is in and of itself valuable and all and only pain is intrinsically not valuable. Hedonists usually define pleasure and pain broadly, such that both physical and mental phenomena are included. Thus, a gentle massage and recalling a fond memory are both considered to cause pleasure and stubbing a toe and hearing about the cobblers last of a loved one are both considered to cause pain.With pleasure and pain so defined, hedonism a s a theory about what is valuable for us is intuitively appealing. Indeed, its appeal is evidenced by the fact that nearly all historical and contemporary treatments of well-being allocate at least some berth for discussion of hedonism. Unfortunately for hedonism, the discussions rarely endorse it and some even deplore its focus on pleasure. This article begins by clarifying the different types of hedonistic theories and the labels they are often given.Then, hedonisms ancient origins and its subsequent development are reviewed. The majority of this article is concerned with describing the important theoretical divisions within Prudential Hedonism and discussing the major criticisms of these approaches. The Origins of Hedonism . a. Aristippus and the Cyrenaics The Cyrenaics, founded by Artistippus were also sceptics and Hedonistic Egoists. Although the paucity of original texts makes it difficult to confidently state all of the justifications for the Cyrenaics positions, their overa ll stance is clear enough.The Cyrenaics believed pleasure was the ultimate good and everyone should heed all immediate pleasures for themselves. They considered bodily pleasures better than mental pleasures, presumably because they were more vivid or trustworthy. The Cyrenaics also recommended pursuing immediate pleasures and avoiding immediate pains with stint or no regard for future consequences. Their reasoning for this is even less clear, but is most plausibly linked to their sceptical views perhaps that what we can be most sure of in this uncertain existence is our current bodily pleasures. b.Epicurus Epicurus founder of Epicureanism, developed a Normative Hedonism in stark contrast to that of Aristippus. The Epicureanism of Epicurus is also quite the opposite to the common usage of Epicureanism while we might like to go on a luxurious Epicurean holiday packed with fine dining and moderately excessive wining, Epicurus would warn us that we are only setting ourselves up for fu ture pain. For Epicurus, happiness was the complete absence of bodily and especially mental pains, including fear of the Gods and desires for anything other than the bare necessities of life.Even with only the limited excesses of ancient Greece on offer, Epicurus advised his followers to avoid towns, and especially marketplaces, in lodge to limit the resulting desires for unnecessary things. Once we experience unnecessary pleasures, such as those from sex and rich food, we will then suffer from painful and hard to fulfil desires for more and better of the same. No matter how wealthy we might be, Epicurus would argue, our desires will eventually outstrip our means and interfere with our ability to live tranquil, happy lives.Epicureanism is generally egoistic, in that it encourages everyone to pursue happiness for themselves. However, Epicureans would be unlikely to commit any of the selfish acts we might expect from other egoists because Epicureans train themselves to desire only t he very basics, which gives them very little reason to do anything to interfere with the affairs of others. c. The Oyster Example With the exception of a brief period discussed below, Hedonism has been generally unpopular ever since its ancient beginnings.Although criticisms of the ancient forms of hedonism were many and varied, one in particular was heavily cited. In Philebus, Platos Socrates and one of his many foils, Protarchus in this instance, are discussing the role of pleasure in the good life. Socrates asks Protarchus to imagine a life without much pleasure but full of the higher cognitive processes, such as knowledge, forethought and intellect and to compare it with a life that is the opposite.Socrates describes this opposite life as having perfect pleasure but the mental life of an oyster, pointing out that the subject of such a life would not be able to appreciate any of the pleasure within it. The harrowing thought of living the pleasurable but unthinking life of an oys ter causes Protarchus to abandon his hedonistic argument. The oyster example is now easily avoided by clarifying that pleasure is best understood as being a conscious experience, so any sensation that we are not consciously aware of cannot be pleasure.

Directors Use of Techniques in “Chocolat”

Individuality versus alineity is a fine fall that people in society walk along. This has been shown in Chocolat, released in 2000 and enjoin by Lasse Hallstrom. Where Vianne and her chocolate glom represent individuality and the Comte represents conformity. Hallstrom uses various film and dramatic techniques to convey this idea to the audience. In Chocolat, the Comte has a big influence on how the town feel and what they feel they should be doing. This means that the Comte is the pinnacle of witness in the town and he feels that everyone should conform to the long standing traditions.The Comtes sway everywhere the town is quite strong as shown in the opening scene, where all of the townspeople are shown to be conforming to each otherwise. In this scene the costumes of the townspeople are all dark colours and similar as including the Comte. This shows that the townspeople are conforming all the time, even in what they are wearing. There is a voice over narration in the first part of the opening scene and this line If you lived in this town you knew what was expected of you, shows how controlling the Comte is and that the townspeople did non want to break conformity.There is a camera shot in this scene that is from Anouks point of view looking up at the Comte. This shows his powerful figure and his control over the townspeople. These techniques show that Comte is a very controlling figure and he likes to impose his feelings and thoughts on to the townspeople. Viannes presence in the town has the opposite effect to that of the Comte. Vianne is a very individual person and this starts to rub off on to the townspeople.She has her own way of doing things, for example not attending church, which is against the values that the Comte has instilled in the townspeople. Viannes individuality is shown in scene four where she is setting up her shop. There are close up shots of the traditional sculptures that Vianne is placing in her shop. These contrast greatly aga inst the statue shown in the town self-colored and show how different Vianne is to the rest of the town. Vianne is always wearing a piece of clothing that is red whichstands out from the clothing of the townspeople. When she takes in Josephine, she also starts to wearing magnificent colours. These costumes show Viannes effect on the townspeople and her individuality. In this scene, the images of townspeople peering round at her shop or looking through the cracks in the newspaper into the shop show their curiosity towards Vianne and the idea of individuality that she presents to them. Viannes influences the town through her presence in their lives and her knowledge of individuality that she displays towards them.The Comtes control is fighting against the effect of Vianne just the equal as conformity is against individuality. Both characters want the townspeople to see the world their way. This is shown in scene six where Vianne opens her shop for the first time. In this scene the Comtes fireside is shown and it has very dark lighting and they style of it is very old fashioned. This shows that the Comte is trying to set an example of what he feels the town should be like and that it should conform to his ideals.The Comtes control over the town is shown in the reactions of the townspeople when they discover that Vianne is running a chocolate shop. Their reactions include This certainly is different, which reveals information that the town has no other shops like this one and that it is new and individual. The music that plays while the townspeople are looking at or entering the shop is bright and tempting. This is a demo of what is happening and of what is to come from the influence of Viannes individuality on the townspeople.The Comte and Vianne have opposite effects on the townspeople, trying to make them conform or affecting their individuality. The line between conformity and individuality is very fine. The Comte and Vianne represent different extremes o f this line. Their influence on the townspeople is very strong and affects all of the townspeople differently. The Comte wants the townspeople to conform as one and he uses his authority to try and achieve this, but Viannes presence and her individuality drives a change in the thoughts of the townspeople and eventually the Comte.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Computer

Advantages of computers Increases speed of computing and processing selective information in any separate way. People can use sophisticated statistical and mathematical tools for decision making and further purposes without learning in details the algorithms used for computing. This way deal can use much more sophisticated analytical tools that would have been possible with only manual(a) information processing. Computers can store large volumes of information without occupying too much space, as is in the case of information stored in form of books and paper documents.Computer processing eliminates the human errors of computing and information processing. Information formerly entered in computer system can be easily accessed by the same person or other persons at incompatible times for unlike persons. This reduces the work load of capturing same information multiple times for different purposes. It also answers it possible for different person to work with same information, a voiding the possibility of different persons using different versions of the same information.The work of entering and editing information is made mush more easy and simple by softw ar that passing play many powerful user friendly features for performing these tasks. Computer now offer sophisticated and powerful software for representing information in rich formats with visual and video facilities. Computers combined with communication technology offer very fast speed and rich communication facility at low cost. Computers, with all these features are now used for automating all kinds of equipments and processes. Disadvantage of Computers The cost of computer and associated equipments is falling steadily.Still these equipments are and continue to be much more costly as compared to manual processing equipments like pen and pencil. Also technological complexity of these equipment makes it more difficult to learn and maintain these equipments as compared to equipments of manual inform ation processing. Use of computers pick out additional infrastructure, such as power supply and software back up. This increases the chances of problems due to failure of infrastructure. For example, a computer will not work where thither is no electric power supply. Even a laptop with a battery will work without power supply only for a hold in period.Failures of computer system can be more serious and difficult to correct. For example, one scratch on a hard disk can make the complete data on the disk inaccessible. In comparison, manual system faults have comparatively limited impact. One page torn from a console full of documents has no impact on other documents. Computers generally reduces the errors of processing. However if there is an error in input data, it can result in major(ip) blunders in the processing which the computer system is unable to detect. In manual systems the chances of such blunders passing undetected and corrected is much less.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Essay

A motive is a specific need or drive that arouses you and directs your conduct toward a certain goal. Emotion refers to the control of feelings, ( much(prenominal) as fear, sadness, happiness, etc) which also affects behavior. They push us to take some kind of action whether we are aware of it or non. Psychologists have put these behaviors into 3 categories rousing Theory, Drive- lessening Theory, and Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation (Morris, 2012). Intrinsic & Extrinsic MotivationShannon comes to work every day on time. She does her job as assigned, works hard, takes on contend tasks to improve performance, and ensures that this is noticed by others. She is very clear about the expectations for her position as well as the criteria for evaluation. During one-year evaluations, she hopes her evaluation scores are elevated enough for her to be eligible for a merit raise. One of her primary goals for this year is to be nominated for the employee of the year at the companys annual dinner, which comes with both a preferred parking and a cash bonus.Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation may increase Shannons indigence because it motivates her to peck others see her doing a good job and this behavior skunk be defined as intrinsic motivation because of the praise she gets from others. Her behavior is also motivated by the goal of being employee of the year, which comes with rewards and this can be defined as extrinsic motivation.Although Shannon enjoys her job the motivation of an award is what motivates her the most. She is motivated extrinsically by the rewards she may receive for her behavior at work, therefore her intrinsic motivation and sense of responsibility for her behavior are likely to increase. The Arousal theory may decrease Shannons motivation because she doesnt need to be stimulated to do her job, and there are no incentives in the end to reward her for a job well done. She is not seeking a thrill for her behavior she allow for perform better with praise and rewards (Morris, 2012).Arousal TheoryJoe enjoys coming to work each day. He finds delectation in the outcome of his work. He believes his work helps others. He seeks out new ways to make his work more effective, and often initiates new work projects. He likes to stay busy throughout the day. He sometimes has a hard time if there is not enough work to do. He has no appetency to leave the organization and would like to continue to be promoted within the company as he gains experience. The Arousal Theory can best motivate Joe because he is a thrill seeker and is motivated by the challenge of seeking new ways to make his work more effective. Joe is a sensation seeker and without it he will become bored with his work. He needs to keep his arousal at an optimum level in order to be productive.The Drive- Reduction theory may decrease Joes motivation because its the drive that keeps him going. Homeostasis or balance may not be enough excitement for him, and will lower his motiv ation and ambition at work. His primary and secondary drives are already established by his work performance, and his reward is the knowledge he has gained (Morris, 2012).These achievement-oriented behaviors can be very useful in the work place because everyone need a motive to do a good job. An employee can motivate by giving new challenges to a bored employee whose job has become routine and boring like in the Arousal Theory, or by giving incentives such as praise and bonuses as mentioned in the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Theory. Once an employer observe an individuals behavior and work ethics they can decide which method will best motivate their employee to do a good job and enjoy it as well (Morris, 2012).ReferencesMorris,C. (2012). Understanding Psychology( 10th ed.).

Hrm- Evaluation of Training

International Research Journal of finance and political economy ISSN 1450-2887 riposte 37 (2010) EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010 http//www. eurojournals. com/finance. htm Methods of Evaluation teach Techniques Mahmoud M. AL-Ajlouni Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Business Administration Irbid National University, Irbid Jordan E-mail emailprotected com Salah M. H Athamneh Assistant Professor, Deptt. Humanities Jordan University of acquaintance and technology Irbid, Jordan Abdulnaser A.Jaradat Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Marketing Irbid National University, Irbid, Jordan Abstract The Evaluation of whatsoever prepargon weapons platformme has trusted aims to fulfill. These argon concerned with the de experimental conditionination of motley in the constitutional fashion and the change indispensabilityed in the transcriptional structure. Hence military rating of each raising program must pronounce us whether the prep architectural plan has been able to deliver the g oals and objectives in considerations of cost incurred and benefits achieved.The analysis of the breeding is the concluding lay outer of any paygrade platform. The analysis of info should be summarized and then comp bed with the entropy of different cooking create by mental acts resembling nature. On the fanny of these comparisons, problems and strength should be identified which would help the flight simulator in this future develop programs, to stop short of completion of the readiness dodges design methodology, by avoiding the evaluation,our preparedness effectiveness is reneging on our trueness to our students.The future requests to a greater extent precise, reliable evaluation strategies, we like to think of bringing up effectiveness evaluation in the same way that we think of surveillance tests in the plant, we perform instruction effectiveness evaluations to en current our programmes turn efficaciously. Key rowing Training Programme, On the-Job-Traini ng, Off-the-Job-Training, Training Techniques,Evaluation Methods. IntroductionIn the modern com mystifyer era instruction has gained the reputation of dynamic opinion which postulate to be dumb in that perspective close of the modern organization which do not reply to the dynamic change that are seen in changed environment may well fail to respond to the needs of organization and state. Hence organization virtually needs to aspire to respond to the change in the environment. International Research Journal of pay and economic science Issue 37 (2010) 57 These changes may be concerned with organizational or individual behavior may be concerned with the structural change.Training is genius of most distinguished and effective heart of bringing ab protrude change in an organization. Training is system which feed the needs. Skills. And knowledge of the people working in the organization these skills and knowledge are acquired to fulfill a specify purpose or goal. Concept of Training Training has been defined by a piece of scholars and trainers like Change eonnts. Some of the definitions are as follows According to Fllippo the act of change magnitude the skills of an employee for doing a fact Job support be termed as training. Similarly Steinmetz has observed. Training is a term butt utilizing a systematic and organized procedure by which non-personnel hires technical knowledge and skills for a definite purpose. 2 From the above definitions it scum bag asserted training is a technique concerned with the development of skills and knowledge in cross actor discipline. Training enhances and improves persons skills. Imparts knowledge to change persons attitudes and posit towards a particular direction. William G. Torpey has defined training as the process of developing skills. Habits.Knowledge and attitudes in employees for the purpose of increasing effectiveness of employees in their present government positions as well as preparing employees f or future government positions. 3 The above definition of training is ground on impudence that all training is not inevitable and all training is not beneficial. Training is a technique which meetly foc phthisiss and direct towards the achievement of particular goals and objectives of the organization. Hence designation of training needs is first base and probably the most important step towards the identification of training techniques.The process of identifying training needs is care plentifuly thought forth programme that needs to be carried out with sensitivity because success of a training programme may be crucial for the excerption of the organization. Objectives of training must be resolute to pave way for the assertion of proper techniques of training. Training is imparted to people in organization with certain defined objectives and goals. However it must be remembered that the goals and objectives of organization differ to a great extent. Hence the defined objecti ves of a training programme should be assessed in the light of the goals of that organization.In 1944. Assheton perpetration stated the objectives of training in the following manner 4 (a) It endeavors to produce a civil handmaiden whose precision and clarity in the transaction of transmission line fuel be taken for granted. (b) It helps attuning the civil servant to the task he is called upon to perform in a changing world. It in other words helps him to modify his out estimate and methods to the changing needs of late snip. (c) It saves the civil servant from becoming a robot like mechanically perfect civil servant. He is made cognisant of his work and the attend that he is call for to render to his community. d) It not exclusively enables an individual to perform his current work more efficiently unless also fits him for other duties. It develops in him capacity for higher work and greater responsibilities. (e) It pays substantial regard to rung moral as latter pr evail to perform tasks of a routine character throughout their lives. Bhagwan and Bhushan produce also identified the following objectives of training 5 (a) For the procedure certain peculiar activities pertaining to the government training plays a signifi tail endt part. 58International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 37 (2010) (b) Training helps the employees to change state people oriented and inculcates in them respect and regard for general public. (c) It broadens the vision and widens the outlook of the employees by explaining to them to plant substantial contribution towards realization. (d) It is vital to a career service. It lists them for advancement which is assured to the employees when they join the government service at young age. (e) It improves the lone and adds to the quality of organization.Since it enhances the efficiency of the employees and develops their capacities. The efficiency and prestige of the department goes up. (f) It fosters homog eneity of out look and esprit de crops in the employees. Identification of Training Needs Training is a specialized function. Hence trainer must know exactly what is indispensable from the training programme in accordance to the identified tools cloth techniques processes are identified in designing and implementing efficient effective timely and productive training programmes for those who require it.Training needs also determine the nature of training program. Formulation of training program includes those factors that are colligate to the evaluation of the program in terms of techniques and skills set up be properly take oned. Any training program must take into consideration three first harmonic behavioral aspectsOrganization, people, and environment as cold as organization are concerned their survival rests on a certain minimum achievement of goals and objectives which are pre defined to customers owners. Employees. etc. ll these factors are continuously interacting with the organization whose objectives and goals have been formulated so to benefit the members of the organization intermittently The second assumption that needs to taken into consideration is the fact that these objectives can be achieved only through harnessing the abilities of its people. Releasing potential and maximizing opportunities for development. In others words. The achievement of objectives and goals can be effectively and effectively achieved only if people within the organization possess tolerable skills and abilities.If they do not possess the skills and abilities indispensable. the objectives and goals cannot be achieved effectively and effectively achieved only if they do not possess the skills and abilities. if they do not possess the skills and abilities required. The objectives and goals cannot be achieved effectively and efficiently. Hence proper assessment of the abilities and skills of the employees must be considered onwards any training programme is be form ulated . The one-third assumption is to assess the capability potential of the employees. The people who are prosecute in the accomplishment of goals and objectives.In the new perspective, are capable of new training. If the employees do not possess the required potential to adapt themselves to the new environment. The chances of training programs organism a success will be doubtful. The poop assumption about people is concernd with the level of ability and the desire to learn. Training is all about learning. learning organization basically involves people who give away or break organization. the organization should be able to go forth adequate opportunities and resources where people are able to learn through training new concepts. nd techniques of steering. the assumption is also concerned with matching of achieving organizational goals on one hand and on the other providing piquant learning opportunities. the third assumption basically requires that the programmers of tr aining should be so designed so as to set aside learning opportunities that are effective and efficient. the objective of training is fulfill the individual needs of the employees and that of the organization as well . The fifth assumption is concerned with the environment variable. In a dynamic situation.Environment continues to put new pressures and demands upon the system even if it is for survival only. Because of liberalization, competition has become severe and public sector as well private sector has to compete with each other in order to stay a viable entity. Hence changes in the environment can International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 37 (2010) 59 no more be overlooked but need to understood and adapted to. The need for training, therefore, becomes inevitable. Once it is established that need for training is a necessity. The question arises what type of training is required to meet the three challenges.Another important question that comes to mind is whether the training programmed is able to change the digit of behavior for which it was trained and how effectiveness is will be measured. Before discussing venous types of techniques of evaluation. A close look at various types of training methods will be locked into. With regard to people working in the organization needs and aspiration of the people must be properly evaluated. Specification of training needs room translating the needs of people into specific needs and achieving those aspirations by training programmers.Basic idea behind this evaluation is to hazard organization learning organization. According to Senge. Where people continually expand their capacity to create results they truly desire. Where new and expansive paupers are nurtured. Where hoard upive aspiration is set free. And where people are continually learning how to learn together. 6 Factors Influencing Training Needs Organizations are analyzable and dynamic in nature and their effectiveness depends on number of factors. Complexity of organization is again a multi sceneted implication of various factors being laid by various environmental factors.Hence the nature of complexity of a given organization needs to be evaluated before determining its training needs. Some of the factors that increase complexity are being discussed keeping in view that all are not determinants of complexity for all organization. Technology in the computer age is being upgraded frequently and hence is the most important factors in increasing the complexity of an organization .. structurally as well as behaviorally. According of Frances and Bee. Technology is changing an ever increasing rate. Todays state of-the-art computer is tomorrows junk. Robot assembly pants.Laser printers. Transplant and genetic surgery wherever the workplace whatever the task. There progresss to be a proficient solution for everything. 7 The technological changes are influencing the basic settings of organization. The technologi cal changes are not only concerned with the structure or gadgets of an organization but these changes also incline the behavioral aspect of the very people who are working in the organization. However people do not usually change in technology and its environment. Change can be brought about in a smooth manner only through training techniques.Another important factor that needs to be taken into consideration is concerned with brotherly changes that are taking place in the new social environment. For most organization internal compilations are margin to change in the computer age. People from different lynchpingrounds, women. People from various nations will from the work potency of modern organizations. With increasing diversity in the culture. The organizations are bound to receive culture shock. Organization with their exiting format will not be in position to draw and quarter this culture shock.The change agent will be playing an important habit in providing assign traini ng to absorb culture shock. The third factor that has enamourd training needs is colligate the new role that the government are being asked to play. The governments are being asked to play sensitive role of controlling the blood ethical activities on one hand and safeguarding the interests of consumer on the other. In the era of privatization and globalization. The governments are formulating legislation to ease business activity both public and private as well as safeguarding the consumer interest.Thus managers and CEOs need to be acquainted to the new legislation that are being enacted from time to time. The fourth factor that has influenced the training needs is the emerging competitive market Conditions. It may be asserted that the public and private sector, even in monopolistic conditions. Have to face competition. The pertinent question is whether the new market situation will force the 60 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 37 (2010) organizatio n to go in for training as they are going to face new marketing situations in the times to come.Will the new emerging conditions give rise to pressure concourses that have henceforth not been seen in the business world. Basically organizations are going to face situations that are the result of competitive markets and development of consumerism. Many of the managers in the public and private sector could not possibly have been oriented towards these new situations. Hence need f training is unavoidable. The fifth factor influencing the training needs related to internal management of an organization. internally organizations are going to face new dilemmas and problems.Business needs are fulfilled by the human resources that be within the framework of internal structure. Any strategic plan which does not take this fact into vizor is bound to face numerous problems. There will be a continuous pressure on the organization to improve performance. Human resources, like managers, worker s, staff, and others, have to be kept up to date in expertise and at the same times need to be motivated to perform better. This is a ticklish task which cannot be handled by the staff of the organization. Experts called change agents are required to fulfill the task.Training needs cannot be overlooked because it is an on going process. In addition. Training is now considered a specialized function to be performed by the experts. Techniques of Training The object of this paper is not to discuss various techniques of training. Hence training techniques are being short listed for the purpose of their identification for evaluation purpose. However we would like to throw light on most of modern techniques of training. Some of the training techniques that are often used for reeducation purpose are 1. On the-job- training. 2. Demonstration. 3. Job instruction training. 4. Vestibule training. 5.Apprenticeship. 6. Coaching Understudy. 7. Job rotation. 8. Lectures and conferences. 9. Syndi cate. 10. Simulation training. 11. Role playing. 12. In-basket exercise. 13. Management game. 14. sensitivity training. 15. Transactional analysis. 16. Organization development. A detailed discussion of these techniques can be referred to many text books. 8 here(predicate) we would like to discuss some of the training techniques that are considered by the experts as essential for improving the performance of organization in competitive situations. Diversity training is becoming highly important for the organizations that are complex in nature.The work force of these enterprises is divers in nature. Various respective(a) group from different ethnical and social background join one institution and thus submerging various cultural into one. The diverse work force has to be trained so as to provide some from of commonality. Various methods are adopted to provide diversity training. According to Fred Luthans one method of divers training involves putting trainees into groups based on ethnic origin. Then each group is asked to describe the others and listen to the way its own group is described. 9 Another methods of diversity training has been stated in the following manner.International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 37 (2010) 61 Another widely used approach is diversity gameboard games. Which require the participants to answer questions related to areas such as gender. Race cultural differences. Age issues. Sexual orientation. And disabilities. On the basis of the response, the games players are able to advance on the board or are forced to back up. 10 The objectives of theses types of games are to acquaint the players in a non threatening manner with legal rules and restrictions regarding how to manage members of the diverse groups.The third method of divers training concerned with participant focus on cultural issues such how to interact with personal from other countries. It may be added that many of the training programmers related to d ivers work force also use other training programmes. 11 Methods of Evaluation of Training Programmes It is extremely important to assess the result of any training programme. The participant must be made aware of the goals and objectives of the training program and on completion of the training program, they should be asked about the impact of the concerned training programme.Evaluation of any program is a difficult task and more so of a training program. The first step toward evaluation of a training program is to define the goals and objectives of the training program. These goals and objectives should be stated in such format so that they can be measured statistically. Also both the trainer and the trainees most be well acquainted with there role in the training programme. In the evaluation of any training program. The first requirement is to collect valid and reliable data. The required data can be compile by using the fowling techniques. 2 1. ego assessments answer sheets. 2 . Question confronted by the trainees. 3. Assessing the collected cultivation and observation. 4. Final result based on earlier information plus the new data individually method of data accumulation has its advantages and disadvantages. Which need to taken into consideration. The merits and demerits of each method are as follows. Merits of Self Assessment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The cost factor is quite low. Data can easily collected. Time consumption of the trainer and trainee is negligible. Outside interference is completely avoided.Effective relationships develop between the trainee. Well designed answer sheet can produce healthy results . Demerits of Self Assessment 1. Self assessment is basically self evaluation which can be based of biased responses. The assessment must have enough reliability so as to draw right decisiveness in regard to individual assessment. 2. The responses given by the trainees can be based on misrepresentation or misinterpretation of the questions asked. Th us self assessment questions should be gnomish and easy to understand . in addition . no information should be sleeked which will embarrass the trainees. . The information provided by the trainees cannot be evaluated in terms of their correctness. All the trainees do not prefer to give the required information lest it may be used against at any point of time. All these problems can be easily solved. Self assessment is basically adhered to by all the training programs. However what is important to consider is to make proper effective use of this 62 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 37 (2010) technique as the trainees provide valuable information which the trainer can use to formulate training strategy.The second requirement for evaluating a training programme is concerned with the evaluation of the training programme when part of the training programme has been completed. The time factor must be decided before the programme is initiated and the evaluatio n criteria must be determined before the training programme begins. The first evaluation will give adequate information to the trainers whither the programme moving toward write direction. At the same time trainees will be able to assess the value of the program in terms of its needs and usefulness.It is extremely important to realize whether the trainees have understood the need and importance of the training programme. As this stage adequate data should be collected from the trainees to make proper evaluation of the training programme. The collect data, interview and questionnaire methods can be most effective. Interviews can be conducted by seeking information face to face, by means of telephone, or by other strategies like group discussions etc. Each of these methods has its own merits and demerits. Merits of Interviews 1. Face to face interviews ensures some response. If any responses need to be clarified.The trainer can do so instantly. Similarly if the trainees exigency any clarification, the same can do immediately. This helps in ensuring correct information. 2. As far telephone interviews are concerned though there is lack of personnel touch. The trainee does not feel the pressure of the interviewer to give answers that get the trainer. The trainer can answer all those question that are complex in nature. These answers have far more validity as the responses are without any pressure. Demerits of Interviews 1. The interview is a lengthy and costly process as it requires trained and skilled personal to get results that are reliable. . Another important drawback is the possibility of the trainer being involved in the interview. 3. Data collected through interview methods may be out of date and hence difficult to interpret. Merits and Demerits of Questionnaire Questionnaires in one form or another do appear in all kinds of research and surveys. Hence it is extremely vital that the questionnaire is framed with utmost care so that it measures the variable in exactly the way it has been designed for. Once the initial design has been properly framed, a pre _ test must be conducted to find out whether the questions mean the same thing to the trainer and the trainee.If establish inappropriate, the questionnaire should be redesigned and a pilot survey should be conducted. If found appropriate. Full survey should be conducted and if found inappropriate the questionnaire should be redesigned again. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire should be properly evaluated before going in for full survey. In regard to collection of data. It may be observed,As with any method of data collection it is vital to plan how the data is to be collected. However with this method, since it does not usually involve the design of some sort of formal survey instrument such as questionnaire.It is all to easy to leap straight person in without a plan. This can lead to a considerable waste of time and without a plan. This can lead to a considerable w aste of time and even worse the wrong data being collected-so the message is plan and design your desk research in the same way as you would any more formal survey. 13 Thus whatever technique or method we adopt, the validity and reliability of data must be determined. As a matter of fact the trainer must look at three factors to determine the reliability and validity of the collected data. According to Frances and bee, three key aspects must be considered in any evaluation study.These key aspects are as follows. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 37 (2010) 63 The first factor is concerned with the internal stability of an evaluation study. It is concerned with how well the study measures what we want or are aiming to find out. This usually involves the adequacy and justness of the measuring tool. The instrument, used. What needs to be considered is that whatever instruments we use for the purpose of collecting data, we must make sure that the terminolog y being used actually measures the variable that we intend to measure.Whether the instrument be interview or questionnaire, the terms must elicit the kind of information that is required. The second factor is concerned with the external validity. It is concerned with the extent that the findings can be applied bevond the group involved in the study. The conclusions drawn on the basis of collocated should not be applicable only to the group that was the basis of collection of data. On the contrary, the collected data should have the reliability and validity to the extent that its conclusions are applicable to other similar situations. 4 The third factor that needs to be considered is concerned with reliability. The reliability of an evaluation study is the extent to which the results can be replicated, i. e. if the study was repeated the results would be the same. The obvious approach to dealing with this issue is to repeat tests and observations. Also techniques, such as including t he same question but in different forms, using multiple observes, etc. can be helpful. 15 The fourth factor that needs to be taken to evaluate training programme is to conduct and determine reaction level of the trainees in respect of the training programme.The reaction criteria is to be determined in terms of open discussion between the trainers, the trainees, and the management. This will give ample opportunity to the management to ascertain whether or not the training programme is achieving the objectives for which it was organized. This evaluation should be conducted half way of the training period. The reaction criteria tends to inform the trainers whether the training programme is achieving the goals as perceived by the trainers. In other words the trainers come to know the level of happiness and satisfaction of the trainees in regard to the training programme.To ascertain and collect this kind of information, the trainees may be asked to fill a self-complete questionnaire in which the trainees have to choose between a range of alternatives and answer some of the open ended questions. The self-fulfilled questionnaire seeks information in regard to entry instruct whether the objectives of the training programme were achievable and how far have they been useful whether the trainers performance has been satisfactory and the training methods gain the mid term evaluation clears the way of the trainers to reframe the training methodology and cater according to the needs of the trainees.Two fundamental problem need to be assessed in this evaluation process. The first problem is whether information seeked should or should not be collected in the name of trainee. The evaluation as far as accomplishable be anonymous could give, probably, more accurate information than the information collected in the name of the participant. The second related issue is concerned with the venue where the information questionnaire is filled up by the trainee. It is indeed desirab le that the trainee provide information away from the course environment.This mid evaluation can be very helpful in providing a lot of information that is reliable and valid. As a matter of fact mid term evaluation can be very helpful and the cost of collecting such information is not only very low but it also helps the trainees to reframe their training programs accordingly the approach of mid term evaluation allows the trainer to make comparisons between different training programs that were conducted in other organization or that were conducted by the trainer himself.However reaction criteria of mid term evaluation does generate an enormous amount of data analysis. How much of this data is used by the trainer for readjusting the structure of the training program depends on the management, trainer, and the participants. The final exam step in respect of evaluation of training programmes is to assess whether the basic objectives of the training programme have been achieved or not. In this step cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit techniques need to be utilized to measure the performance.This assessment will bear witness whether the expected learning that was determined before the training programme was conduced has taken place after the conclusion of the training programme or not. 64 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 37 (2010) Some of the scholars suggest that before going in for final evaluation, if feasible, one or two, in between, evaluation, can also be conducted. However too many evaluation questionnaires can disrupt the training program and can create doubts in the minds of trainees towards the effectiveness of the program in the minds of the trainees can be created.Evaluation of the training programme should be undertaken only for the purpose of feedback and restructuring of the programmes to fulfill the goals and objectives of the training program. me. The basic purpose of any training programme is to improve organizationa l performance i. e. to assess whether the training program has been able to achieve change that it desired from the training program. The final evaluation program must take into factors that might have alter the final outcome, for example, competitor initiatives, general economic conditions. Etc. erformance of an organization must be evaluative in terms of the whole unit and not parts of it. Hence any evaluation of the training programme may not result in perfect achievement of the goals. We should identify the key factors and indicators that can influence the final results of the training programme. The assessment of these factors will help in the analysis of the needs of the concerned organization. In this respect a comparative study should be made in regard to the information collected before the training programme was initiated and after the training program where changes need to be visualized and thereupon assessed.If possible a comparative study can also be made of the simila r training programme conducted in other organization and analyzes the differences in the final results. At the time of collecting the final data, proper monitoring should be assured. All the required data should be collected to make elaborate analysis. 16 In the final analysis it can be stated that the final evaluation is the most important aspect of the training programme aspect of the training programme in order to find and determine the effectiveness of the training programme.This assessment gives a clear picture of the impact of the training program. As indicated earlier, a clear cut indicators of organizational performance determined before the start of the program will make measurement of desired change in terms of evaluation much easier to measure. Conclusion The Evaluation of any training programme has certain aims to fulfill. These are concerned with the determination of change in the organizational behavior and the change needed in the organizational structure.Hence evalua tion of any training program must inform us whether the training programme has been able to deliver the goals and objectives in terms of cost incurred and benefits achieved . The analysis of the information is the concluding part of any evaluation programme. The analysis of data should be summarized and then compared with the data of other training programmes similar nature. On the basis of these comparisons, problems and strength should be identified which would help the trainer in his future training programmes. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 37 (2010)

Crime Is a Social Construct Essay

Crime is a societal construct Discuss. This composition willing look at aversion and its different criminological interpretations. Crime is an umbrella word which covers a different range of issues and is dependant upon the theoretical stand point of the writer. Although the wordings of the explanations differ, the implications be consistent (Newburn, 2007. Doherty, 2005). Mclaughlin et al (2006) seems the most relevant for the purpose. They separate crime into three key constituent parts. These be harm, well-disposed agreement and the official social reaction. in that location are different theoretical interpretations of crime. The product of culturally-bounded social interaction is crime which is the violation of the social contract (Newburn, 2007. Young, 1995). Societal responses are different dependant upon the society. Theft in the UK whitethorn result in caution or non-custodial sentence for a first offence whereas in Saudi Arabia the offender would fall back a hand. De viance stop be perceived as universe actions or behaviour which although whitethorn not be criminal in nature are at odds with the social norms of the society. sleeping around is legal, though is perceived as deviant (particularly in females due to patriarchal societal values). Homosexual behaviour, which was previously illegal, has undergone a shift in the moral attitudes of society. The morals of society regarding certain activities is not influence in stone and it alters over time. This is the view rule-relativists have of crime, as what is appropriate to the society at all given moment in time and may change due to alterations in societal values. mixer constructs are the institutions, agencies, judicial bodies and any other mechanisms that are produced to implement social order.These social constructs are not natural phenomena they are created by the hegemony. Behaviour or activities that offend the social codes & practices of a particular community. These codes and practi ces may be different due to cultural differences. Legal and social codes are not always identical. Laws are the mortar that binds societies and implement its norms. A Muslim man may follow to a greater extent than one married woman in certain countries. In the USA a Mormon may also marry more than one wife. He may bring both wives into this country with both having legal rights as his wife. only even though his culture would allow him to marry another wife, in this country he wouldnt be allowed to. A man in the UK would not be allowed more than one wife. If he did marry a second wife he would be charged with bigamy. This crime doesnt harm anyone withal it is classed as being against the social norms of British society. A number of crimes are made due to the arouse acting as a moral guardian to its community. At the present in Indonesia it is illegal to berate chewing gum, conversely in the UK this would not be seen as a reasonable criminal offence.Governments are not beyond contr avening their own statutes, as in the case of prisoners that have been transferred to Guantanamo bay and the acknowledgement that urine boarding (a form of torture) had been used upon a few of these prisoners. As well as the state judge there are systems which provide social control, such as private security etc. They establish the numerous forms of social control of crime and deviance that are part of group life (Henry, 1994). There are informal modes of social control from local communities, such as being sent to banishment The legal standpoint is simply what is enacted by society as criminal. On the issue of harm captain Dennings ruling in Donoghue v Stevenson holds what would the man on the Clapham omnibus think. Legally in addition to the criminal act there has to be a guilty mind, mens rea as well as the criminal act, actus reus. There has to be a legal capacity to commit crime, Doli incapax federal agency that those less than 11 years of age and those suffering from me ntal illness are seen as not being up to(p) of committing crimes.There are also mitigating circumstances reasons why a criminal act may be seen as reasonable. This can be observed as being the contextual component evidence of this can be seen in the case of the mignonette (Morrison, 2005). The classicist classification of crime is activities which have a invalidating impact upon the individuals and upon their property of the states electorate. Classicists do not take into account that there qualification be other factions with conflicting aims or moral codes. This can be perceived prior to the notice up of the former Yugoslavia, where each faction had separate societal views.The conservative view of crime is that anything that threatens the social order should be criminal. This follows the classicist view insofar as that but they also include crimes which terms the integrity and morals of society. Those dealing with new deviance conjecture assert that there needs to be two sep arate parties. One caller behaves or commits certain actions that another party who has differing morality categorizes that party as deviant. The factions in society with greater power impose their moral codes (Young, 1995).With new deviance supposition the faction with the most power controls the morals this doesnt necessarily translate to being the majority of society. The bolshy viewpoint on crime is from of class and the intensification of social control of society. This viewpoint perceives capitalist societies as being breeding grounds for criminal activities. Theorists believe that only socialist societies can have any foresight of being without crime. Sheptycki (2006) states that the roots of crime lie in the social structural inequalities of wealth and power. Capitalist societies call down individual interests over social welfare. The radical left criminological theory is that the nature of an advanced industrial society with its class system and its natural patriarchy is the cause of the prevalence of crime. They furthermore view crime as being more of a predicament for the poor. The way laws have been created can be shown in the disparity in sentencing for property theft when compared to white-collar crime. Positivist criminology views crime and criminal activity as explainable through the natural sciences.Positivist criminologists look for specific causes for crime through scientific methodology. Whether this is because of biological, mental and sociological disciplines to be able to quantify criminal behaviour. Positivists deem that there is a consensus of value in society that can be scientifically ascertained (Young, 1995). To bring to a close crime is a social construct. Crime is in addition a component of the larger issue of deviance. It is a result of social norms which the government has enacted into laws. The state has the infrastructure to enforce the societys behavioural codes.By means of these criminological schools all of any give n states laws can be identified. Having observed these, the new deviance theory was the most rational, building as it does on previous schools of thought. This holds that the faction with the greater societal power holding the reins to societys moral codes. At the present time this looks to be direction in which horse opera societies are on the face of it is heading. The Iraq war was implemented by the powerful elite of society.