Organizational Behavior and Communication Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior and Communication Essay Organizational Behavior and Communication is found in every company, organizations, and groups. Organizational behavior and communications are discussed by using Starbucks Coffee Company. The discussion will cover company’s values and mission statement. The mission statement contains the philosophy, vision, and values. Also, some background of the company will be given. There will a discussion on the communication and on what extent this is determine by the Starbucks Coffee Company Culture. Background Starbucks was start in the 1970 in the state of Washington. The name Starbucks was inspire by the novel Moby Dick. In 1987 purchased by a man name Howard Schultz. At the time of the purchase Starbucks had stores only the Pacific Northwest. After the purchase Starbucks was selling coffee in other countries such Europe. In the first vision of Schultz was to fine coffees. Organizational Culture The organizational culture of Starbucks is based on diversity. The formula that they use is Diversity=Inclusion+Equity+Accessibility. The definition is â€Å"Inclusion: human connection engagement, Equity: fairness justice, and Accessibility: ease of use barrier free† (www.starbucks.com, 2013). The company has divided the organizational culture (diversity) in the following parts: 1. Partner/employees: Starbucks wants partners as different as the cities they work in. The proper word could be diverse 2. Customers: Starbuck want their customers to have an extremely nice experience. In order to achieve this Starbucks by giving the customer their preferences. 3. Communities: Starbucks does make investment in local communities as well as worldwide. Starbucks by giving economic opportunities in ways of jobs and other forms of help. 4. Suppliers: Starbucks work with many minority groups of suppliers. Also suppliers that are women. Starbucks support many organizations. Examples of these are Community Service, Youth Groups, and Create Jobs for USA, Also the American Red Cross. The espoused values of Starbucks do agree with the enacted values. Example of this is on July 3, 2012 it was announced that Starbucks will have two openings in Latin America. â€Å"Starbucks Coffee Company reaffirmed its commitment to Latin America with two major openings- its first in Costa Rica, and its firs Farmer Support Center in South America located in Colombia† (China weekly news, 2012). Latin America provides large amount of the coffee that Starbucks us. Another example is that in 2010 Starbucks refuse to raise the prices of the coffee. Most companies raise their prices due the raise of the coffee prices. Starbucks decide not raise the prices for awhile but monitor the prices. The organizational communication of Starbucks is 100% determined by the organizational culture. The communications channels are very clear and easy to use. Starbucks have communication channels that employees can use. These channels are telephone calls, online reporting, e-mail, and written reports. The communication channels for the customers are the Starbucks website. The customer could find the mission statement or locate a store. Also, if a person wants to apply for a job they can do it on the website. Role of Communication â€Å"Starbucks uses a model of communication used generally by smaller group networks, all channel communication† (yahoo.com 2008) The communication plays an extremely important role in the organizational culture of Starbucks. The organizational communication is open to the customer. The customers can talk with an employee then the employees report to the supervisors or department heads. The communication channels are always updated by Starbucks. â€Å"Partners are encouraged to report all types of issues or concerns to the program through their choice of the offered communication channels.† (www.starbucks.com, 2013) Another form of communication is the Standards of Business Conduct booklet. This helps the employees make excellent decision and also how to act with the customers. The communication has no misalignment with the espoused values or enacted values. The organization gives many communication channels for the employees. Another reason is that the company from time to time sees what needs to be change so that the organization can run smoothly. Conflict in group communication Whenever a company or an organization has a group that works together there will be a communication conflict. A solution to any conflict needs to be found before the conflict can come out. While researching Starbucks there was no conflict mention. Starbucks does have a clear image. Starbucks does show press releases on the decision that are being made As for the employees are concern Starbucks does provide communication channels to report any issues. The issue that refers to any communication conflicts in the group communications. On the same website the organization will post any communication about the company. The organization can use the conflict to put an additional person in the group to deal with the conflict and find ways to keep the conflict out of the group. Additional Information Starbucks supports the Earth watch Institute, Save the Children, Mercy Corps, and Plant Green. These are just a few of the organizations that Starbuck is working with. When the employees are making a decision they have standards to rely on. These standards are Standard of Business Conduct. Starbucks has these standards printed in the following languages English, Chinese, French, German, Brazilian Portuguese, Latin American Spanish, and Thai. Conclusion Starbucks is an organization that puts customers and employees first. They have high levels of values, vision, mission, and philosophy. Starbucks do indeed help the communities that have their location. In the pass Starbucks kept their coffee prices down when the prices of the coffee bean were going up. Then Starbucks is opening up business in Latin American and Costa Rica. These businesses will be working hand- in- hand with the local farmers. In addition Starbucks has used the coffee is from the Latin American and Costa Rica. The communication channels are aligning with the mission, philosophy, vision, and values statement. Also Starbucks provide the customers communication channels to report any wrong doing. Starbucks makes extremely high efforts to have a strong company. References About Us. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.starbucks.com Food Weekly News, 145. (2010).; Starbucks Coffee Company; Starbucks Responds to Surging Green Coffee Prices. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/75581576?accountid=35812 Our Mission Statement. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.starbucks.com Seazone, S. (July 18, 2008). Successful Application of Organizational Behavior: Starbucks. Retrieved from http://www.voices.yahoo.com Starbucks Coffee Company. (2013). Business Ethics and Compliance. Retrieved from http://www.starbucks.com Starbucks Coffee Company; Starbucks Broadens Presence in Latin America. (2012). China Weekly News, 192. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1022321948?accountid=35812

Thomas Hobbes And Francis Bacon In English History History Essay

Thomas Hobbes And Francis Bacon In English History History Essay Considered one of the most turbulent times in English History, The 17th Century could actually be looked at as an age of tremendous intellectual and economic advancement in Great Britain. Despite friction over issues of religion and church and state domestically, the British population grew and its economy prospered. Commerce expanded throughout the globe as Great Britain successfully developed and extended trade and business. Some of historys most famous minds were both a part, and a product of Great Britains transition from an age of faith to one of reason. Thomas Hobbes was one of those famous minds and is now thought of as one of historys greatest natural law philosophers. (www.historyworld.net) Thomas Hobbs was born in England in April of 1588. He was reportedly born prematurely due his mothers fear of the news of the approaching Spanish Armada. Hobbes was the second son of a local clergyman, but his father never played a role in his life. There are varying accounts as to why his father abandoned the family in Hobbes youth, but he was nevertheless raised by a well-to-do uncle who supported his education and development. Hobbs started his schooling at 15 entering Magdalen College, Oxford, yet initially focused more attention on maps and charts. He graduated at 19 and soon served as private tutor to William Cavendish, a wealthy boy not much younger than Hobbes who later became the 2nd Earl of Devonshire. As Cavendishs tutor, Hobbes had the opportunity to travel and tutored Cavendish and his brother on the European Continent for several years. It was during this time that Hobbes broadened not only his world view, but more importantly his philosophical views. He studied the cla ssics and developed and increasing interest in politics and history. (www.notablebiographies.com) Hobbes association with the Cavendish family afforded him number of resources which probably played a large part in developing his scholarly pursuits. As a scholar, Hobbes first major work was a translation of Greek historian Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian Wars, in 1629. Hobbes indicated that he translated History of the Peloponnesian Wars during a period of civil unrest to remind political leaders of his day that the ancient scholars thought democracy to be the least effective form of government. Thucydides work represented that understanding the past was important in determining the proper course of action. Regarding Thucydides great History of the Peloponnesian Wars: Hobbes stated, For the principal and proper work of history being to instruct, and enable men by the knowledge of actions past to bear themselves prudently in the present and providently in the future, there is not extent any other (merely human) that doth more fully and naturally perform it (http://history.wisc.edu) In Hobbess view, one of the most significant intellectual events of his life occurred when he was forty when he stumbled upon a copy of Euclids geometry. His second work, A Short Treatise on First Principles, expressed his deep interest in the study of geometry. Hobbes went on to continue his travels throughout Europe and spent time with many of the most influential minds of his time. In France, he met with Mersenne and members of the scientific community including Gassendi and Descartes. In Italy, he spent time with Galileo. In order to escape the civil unrest in England, Hobbes spent the next eleven years in France and taught Mathematics to Charles, Prince of Wales. It was in the 1640s that Hobbes developed plans for future philosophical work. As Civil War was imminent in England, he was Inspired to write on issues related to society and published De Cive in Paris in 1642. Hobbes later published the same work in English under the title Philosophical Rudiments concerning Government and Society as the Commonwealth took hold of the government. The book was highly contentious as both sides of the civil war criticized its views. (www.philosophypages.com) In light of the developments in Paris, Hobbes feared France was no longer a safe haven for the English court in exile and returned to England in 1651. Upon his return he published one of his most famous works, Leviathan. In Leviathan, Hobbes contends that all human acts are self-serving, even if they appear to be altruistic, and that in a natural state which lacks the organization of government, human beings would act in a completely selfish manner. Hobbes believes that humans are basically equal from mental and physical perspectives and are therefore naturally likely to compete amongst one another ultimately resulting in conflict. He believed that democracy would inevitably fail because people are solely motivated by self-interest and that humans desire for power and wealth would only result in conflict of humans amongst themselves. Hobbes perspective was that governments were responsible for protecting the people from their own selfish nature. In Hobbes view, government would have power similar to that of a sea monster, or leviathan and saw a king as a necessary figure of authority. (Clarendon) Widely considered as one of the 17th centurys most influential natural law philosophers, Thomas Hobbes had a significant impact on British social, economic and political theory. Hobbes developed status in a variety of studies and shaped intellectual philosophy until this day. He was known as a scientist, as a mathematician, as a translator of the classics, as a writer on law, as a disputant in metaphysics and epistemology; not least, he became notorious for his writings and disputes on religious questions. (http://homepage.newschool.edu) However, it is as a result of his writings on politics and morality that he has been eternally remembered. Several of Hobbes many works were never published during his lifetime, among the titles that remained unpublished is: the tract on Heresy, and Behemoth: the History of the Causes of the Civil Wars of England, among others. Hobbes outlived many of his contemporaries and continued to write completing his autobiography when he was eighty-four years old. He finished Latin translations of the Iliad and the Odyssey in his final years, and in 1675 he left London to live with the Cavendish family in Derbyshire until his death at Hardwick on December 4, 1679. (www.egs.edu) 200px-Thomas_Hobbes_(portrait).jpg bacon.jpg Hobbes wasnt the only great philosopher to come out of the Elizabethan Age; Sir Francis Bacon was another leading natural philosopher during the period. Bacon was statesman, a lawyer, and Member of Parliament. His writings included subjects regarding questions of law, politics, and church and state. He also wrote on issues on which questioned societal and ethical norms in some of his most famous writings such as Essays or in his primary work on natural philosophy, The Advancement of Learning. (http://plato.stanford.edu) Francis Bacon was the son of Nicolas Bacon, the Lord Keeper of the Seal of Elisabeth I. He enrolled at Trinity College Cambridge at the age 12 and at an early stage of his development began to reject the common philosophical thought of the day which was generally based on Aristotelianism and Scholasticism. Bacons father passed when he was only 18, and as the youngest son he was left with very little financial means. Although Bacon is said to have had rich relatives, he received little assistance, yet he pursued studies in law and had became a member of the House of Commons by 23. (www.oregonstate.edu) Bacon went on to publish Essays, Colours of Good and Evil, and Meditationes Sacrae in 1597. After Queen Elizabeth 1st death and the rise of James I in 1603, Bacons political career began to grow. He was knighted in 1603 and several honors followed: Solicitor General in 1604, Attorney General in 1613, Lord Chancellor in 1618, Baron Verulam in 1618, and Viscount St. Albans in 1621. (http://bacon.thefreelibrary.com/) Under King James, Bacon was appointed to a number of posts, and like his father, was eventually given the title of Keeper of the Great Seal. He was unfortunately caught in the middle of a power struggle between the King and Parliament which resulted in Bacon having to forfeit his political status, honor, and much of his personal wealth. (www.oregonstate.edu) Only 5 days five days after he had been given the Viscount St. Albans title, he was accused of bribery in 1621. Bacon admitted to the charges and was subsequently banished from the court and received fines. Bacon never paid the fines, but his sentence was reduced and he was only confined to punishment in the tower for four days. Although the sentence had been reduced he would never again be able to hold political office for the rest of his life. Bacon later published Novum Organum, or True Directions Concerning the Interpretation of Nature. In this work Bacon suggested that it was time to let go of Aristotelian ideas and in doing so helped to establish the foundations for modern science and philosophy. Following his dismissal from the court, four additional books followed: Historia Ventorum, Historia Vitae et Mortis Augmentis Scientiarum and Apothegms. Some reports indicated that that Bacon assisted in editing the King James Bible, but that remains subject to debate until this day. There are groups that support, as well as dispute this claim, with equal numbers on either side of the debate. (http://science.jrank.org) Bacons contribution to contemporary thought focused greatly on the relationship between science and social philosophy. In Bacons view knowledge is power and that an expansion of knowledge and learning among individuals can help to offset many of societal issues. Many people in his time considered Bacon a genius. His work, which attempted to encompass the three realms of natural, human and divine existence, has had a significant impact on the study of history, law and philosophy. (www.findingdulcinea.com) In1626, Bacon attempted to test the impact of the cold on the decay of meat. In experimenting with stuffing a chicken with snow, he fell ill, developed pneumonia, and died on April 9th, 1626.

Medical ward objectives and staffing levels

Medical ward objectives and staffing levels This is a 34 bedded medical ward admitting male patients with different conditions.The specialties are as follows: Specialties Consultant Beds Gastro-Enterology Dr. Salim AL.Harthi 6 Neurology Dr. Jaber AL.Khaburi 5 Respiratory Dr. Nasser AL.Busaidi 5 Cardiology Dr. Abdullah AL.Riyami 4 Endocrinology Dr. Noor Al.Busaidi 4 Infectious Disease Dr. Saif AL.Abri 4 Rheumatology Dr. Ramnath Misra 4 Hematology Dr.Muhana AL.Maslahi 2 Ward Objectives:- To plan, organize, implement and evaluate the nursing services to ensure that a high standard patient care is delivered within the ward. To maintain optimum professional code of conduct, practice and good staff morale of professional nurse. To maintain effective communication with patient and their relatives concerning the nature and management of clinical conditions and their outcomes. To ensure all staff have been updating their knowledge by conducting some lectures within the ward level and training programs within CPE department. To facilitate the integration of newly qualified Omani nurse into their roles and responsibilities in the tertiary medical services consistent with the national policy on Omanization and fully aware administrative roles and regulation pertaining their employment. To conduct regular staff performance appraisals to assess competency, progress, strengths, weaknesses and identify further education and training needs. To schedule and deploy sufficient numbers of staff to provide 24hrs nursing care to ensure safe clinical practice. To ensure optimum utilization of the hospital resources towards the appropriate provision of nursing services throughout the ward. Staffing Levels:- Staff levels Omani Staff Expatriates Staff Senior Junior Senior Ward Nurse 1 Staff Nurse 1 13 3 Ward Coordinator Nil Medical Orderlies 1 3 Total staff 27staff (-1staff in Female Medical 1, plan for transfer. Ward Activities:- Termination, Omanization, Transferring, Resignation and New staff:- Sr. No Ward Activities No. Of Staff Nurse Remarks 1 Termination Nil Nil 2 Omanization 2 S/N Seena affected date 01/08/2009 S/N Smitha affected date 06/09/2009 3 Transferring 3+ 1 Temporary 1 S/N Wafa Harib affect date 02/05/09 to Royal Hospital OPD S/N Suganthi affect date 02/05/09 to MM1 S/N Enci affected date 06/06/09 to FM2 + S/N Faiza affected date 01/11/09 to FM1 (Temporary) M/O Said affected date 02/05/2009 to Royal Hospital X-Ray Department 4 Resignation 1 S/N Ajitha Affected date 06/12/2009 5 New Staff 2 S/N + 1 M/O S/N Idris Al-Farsi S/N Sangoor Al-Yusufi + M/O Turki Barghash New Equipment:- 1. Glide sheet for patient turning 6/7/09 2. Our old cardiac monitor has been replaced. Activities in Male Medical Two Within Each Month:- Male Medical Two is kept for conducting the MRCP exams four times per year which always take one week; each time of these exams went so smoothly and will give as chance for tarrow clean the ward. The ward is the Disaster ward in the medical unit, all staff in the ward have good knowledge of the step how to followed in any emergency situation (of each month 1st week there is discussion Disaster matter to upgrade staff knowledge) On 13/11/2009 there was a disaster drill which has prove to us that the objective of disaster action cards are met throughout the feedback we received verbally from Nursing Administration. 2nd Week in each month kept for upgrade staff knowledge about Professional Code of Conduct by given lecture with scenarios in one of the element. 3rd Week in each month kept for upgrade staff knowledge about Medication action side effect, by lecture given by assigned staff 10-15 minutes prior to hand over of morning shift. 4th Week in each month kept for upgrade staff knowledge about Firewast management by lecture given by assigned staff 10-15 minutes prior to hand over of morning shift. Ongoing monitoring is being done on:- Nursing Records Auditing which we are doing since July 2001. Daily patient Fall Assessment Score. Wound care assessment. Daily followed screening for any infection (MRSAMDRAB) Daily followed Nursing process which started on 2nd September 2002. Discharge planning started on October 2002 Monthly Environmental Audit. Six Month report. Education, Training and Quality Management for 2009 SR Courses 2009 No of S/N completed Remark 1 Ward Management 1 3 2 High Dependency 3 3 3 Pain Management 4 22 4 ECG interpretation 1 11 5 Preceptor ship 3 23 Upgrade their knowledge by refreshment preceptor workshop. 6 IV Therapy Drug Calculation 28(All staff) 7 IV Cannulation 7 We are following up with other 8 staff practice cannulation till they are competent. 8 Wound stoma care 3 4 They are helping to teach other staff in the ward level and follow up the care about wounds. 9 Post Kidney Transplant 1 1 10 Recertification BCLS 28(All staff) Every 2 years 11 Manual Handling 23 Other 5staff who are joining MM2 in last 3years they are learn more about it from senior staff during work. 12 Physical Assessment 3 6 Recertification of BCLS and management of Cardiac Arrest:- All of nurses certified more than 2 years ago have been recertified. Nurses within the ward has been assessed for their competency in management of cardiac arrest at the ward level in recognizing cardiopulmonary arrest, move rapidly towards Life saving. The plan for ward basic CPR within Ward level, which aim to check the staff competency with it. Strategic Plan for next year:- To continue the ward activities, upgrade the standard of care and services to the patient. To plan, organize, implement and evaluate the nursing services to ensure that a high quality patient care is delivered within the ward level. To maintain optimum Professional Code of conduct, practice and good staff morale of professional nurse. To ensure all staff has been updating their knowledge by conducting different courses in CPE and some lectures within the ward level regarding cases, medication and infection control. To finalize Endoscopy Procedure Brochure this is made by staff in Male Medical Two. To continue give first priority for CPE program courses to Omani staff to improve their competencies and skills. Plan to give 3 lecture within medical unit by our staff regarding (fall prevention, CVP care and medication calculation during emergence). Done by :- Saif AL.Ghuzaili

Black Supremacy Essay -- essays research papers fc

Black Supremacy Throughout history, white anglo-saxons have been notorious for mistreating all races other than it's own. Malcolm X felt "the white man had been actually nothing but a piratical opportunist who used Faustian machinations to make his own Christianity his initial wedge in criminal conquests"(563). The earth is burdened by the white man! That is the true meaning of what Malcolm X is stating; the words Faustian machinations, meaning evil plotting, implies the whole white population is out for the blood of other races. Many members of the black race are adopting the idea of Afrocentricity; some call it black pride, I call it black supremacy. Afrocentricists are supporting their ideas with religion and the need for liberation. The liberation of the black man is needed! Molefi Asante describes "the Afrocentric awareness [as] the total commitment to African liberation anywhere any everywhere by a consistent determined effort to repair any psychic, economic, physical, or cultural damage done to Africans"(50). Liberation from what...the white race? Molefi's statement is completely ludicrous; the first copy of his book with this statement was printed in 1988, in my opinion blacks were fairly liberated in 1988. Now the second part of his statement, repair what damage? Any psychic damage which has been thrust upon the black race has not occurred for quite some time: slavery...not in my lifetime nor separate bathrooms were in my lifetime. And I am not about to feel sorry about what happened before my time. Economic damage is not the white man's fault either. In this day anyone can do whatever he/she likes. The truth to the economic matter is that many of the "oppressed" races feel they now deserve a free ride. Absolutely no physical damage has occurred in my lifetime. As for as cultural damage, cultures evolve, they do not get damaged. Clearly all liberation of the black man has already occurred, therefore, there is know further need for reimbursement. The white race is evil! Further, the Afrocentric cause attempts to use religion to denounce the white race as heathens; according the Yakub myth, "the colour black...is the primal colour; other colours, consequently, are merely shades of black, except for white, which is the absence... ...d are calling it liberation. No, the human race will never learn from history; we will just repeat it. The main question is will their ever be racial harmony in the world? I just don't know. "We shall have our manhood. We shall have it or the earth will be leveled by our attempts to gain it." --Eldridge Cleaver Works Cited Asante, Molefi. Afrocentricity. Trenton: Africa WP, 1992. Cleaver, Eldridge. Soul on Ice. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968. Davies, Alan. Infected Christianity: A Study of Modern Racism. Montreal: Mcgill-Queen's UP, 1988. Perry, Bruce, ed. Malcolm X: The Last Speeches. New York: Pathfinder, 1989. X, Malcolm. "Learning to Read." rpt. in Rereading America. ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Boston: Bedford Books, 1992.

Transcending The Atrocities of War Essay -- Literary Analysis

Warfare not only results in majority of casualties but also affect individuals both physically and psychologically. This can damage their sense of purpose and identity which can lead to difficulties in the way they relate to others. Art and religion proves to be the saviour of these individuals by helping them respond to the effects and aftermath of war with valour and resilience which not only helps them cope with stress and grief but also gives them the opportunity to interact and connect with others. David Roxborough argues that â€Å"Ondaatje’s method of alternating mythical identity allows the efficient construction of a panoramic religious framework with widespread mythical significance.† Similarly, Alice Brittan claims that â€Å"Ondaatje’s novel is filled with [†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦] scenes of reading and writing, and characters who delight in marginalia.† Both the authors agree that Ondaatje’s novel The English Patient utilizes imagery and mytholo gy to explain the atrocities of the Second World War, and to explicate that religion and the admiration of art attempts to defy the violent human displacements enabled by war, and helps to transcend the crude realities of the world. The novel The English Patient harbours four central characters namely Almasy, Hana, Caravaggio and Kip whose lives are devastated by the Second World War and British colonialism. Almasy, the English patient, receives austere burns during an escape from a â€Å"blazing aircraft† which makes him resemble â€Å"a [burnt] animal, taut and dark† (Ondaatje 6, 41). His injuries hinder him in making any kind of movement. Hana, a twenty years old Canadian nurse, is forced to leave her adolescence and step into adulthood at an early age. She loses her father, and has to suffer the pain of an aborti... ... English Patient.† The History of the Book and the Idea of Literature 121 (2006): 200-213. PMLA. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. Roxborough, David. â€Å"The Gospel of Almasy: Christian Mythology in Michael Ondaatje’s The English Patient.† Essays on Canadian Writing 67 (1999): 236. Academic Search Premier. Web. 17. Apr. 2012. Cook, Rufus. "Being and representation in Michael Ondaatje's 'The English Patient'." ARIEL 30.4 (1999): 35+. Canadian Periodicals Index Quarterly. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. Goldman, Marlene. "'Powerful Joy': Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient and Walter Benjamin's Allegorical Way of Seeing." University Of Toronto Quarterly 70.4 (2001): 902. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. Scobie, Stephen. â€Å"The reading lesson: Michael Ondaatje and the patients of desire.† Essays on Canadian Writing 53 (1994): 92. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Apr. 2012.

The Amazing World of Laughter & it Super Healing Power

Agriculture – the study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications Anatomy – the study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans Arachnology – the study of arachnidsAstrobiology – the study of evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe—also known as exobiology, exopaleontology, and bioastronomy Biochemistry – the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level Bioengineering – the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology Biogeography – the study of the distribution of species spatially and temporally Bioinformatics – the use of information technology for the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data Biomathematics (or Mathematical biology) – the quantitative or mathematical study of biological processes, with an emphasis on modelingBiomechanics – often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through prosthetics or orthotics Biomedical research – the study of the human body in health and disease Biomusicology – study of music from a biological point of view. Biophysics – the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences Biotechnology – a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology Building biology – the study of the indoor living environment Botany – the study of plantsCell biology – the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell Conservation bio logy – the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife Cryobiology – the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings Developmental biology – the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure Ecology – the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment Embryology – the study of the development of embryo (from fecundation to birth) Entomology – the study of insectsEnvironmental biology – the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity Epidemiology – a major component of public health research, studying factors affecting the health of populations Epigenetics – the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caus ed by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence Ethology – the study of animal behavior Evolutionary biology – the study of the origin and descent of species over time Genetics – the study of genes and heredity Hematology ( also known as Haematology ) – the study of blood and blood – forming organs.Herpetology – the study of reptiles and amphibians Histology – the study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of anatomy Ichthyology – the study of fish Integrative biology – the study of whole organisms Limnology – the study of inland waters Mammalogy – the study of mammals Marine biology (or Biological oceanography) – the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings Microbiology – the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things Molecular biology – the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry Mycology – the study of fungiNeurobiology – the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology and pathology Oncology – the study of cancer processes, including virus or mutation oncogenesis, angiogenesis and tissues remoldings Ornithology – the study of birds Population biology – the study of groups of conspecific organisms, including Population ecology – the study of how population dynamics and extinction Population genetics – the study of changes in gene frequencies in populations of organisms Paleontology – the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life Pathobiology or pathology – the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease Parasitology – the study of parasites and parasitismPharmacology – the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines Physiology – the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms Phytopathology – the study of plant diseases (also called Plant Pathology) Psychobiology – the study of the biological bases of psychology Sociobiology – the study of the biological bases of sociology Structural biology – a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromoleculesSynthetic Biology- research integrating biology and engineering; construction of biological functions not found in nature Virology – the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents Zoology – the study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior (branches include: Entomology, Ethology, Herpetology, Ichthyology,Mammalogy, and Ornithology) History of Philippine Money Philippine money–multi-colored threads woven into the f abric of our social, political and economic life.From its early bead-like form to the paper notes and coins that we know today, our money has been a constant reminder of our journey through centuries as a people relating with one another and with other peoples of the world. Pre-Hispanic Era Trade among the early Filipinos and with traders from the neighboring islands was conducted through barter. The inconvenience of barter later led to the use of some objects as medium of exchange. Gold, which was plentiful in many parts of the islands, invariably found its way into these objects that included the piloncitos, small bead-likeb gold bits considered by the local numismatists as the earliest coin of the ancient Filipinos, and gold barter rings. Spanish Era (1521-1897) Three hundred years of Spanish rule left many indelible imprints on Philippine numismatics.At the end of the Spanish regime, Philippine money was a multiplicity of currencies that included Mexican pesos, Alfonsino pesos a nd copper coins of other currencies. The cobs or macuquinas of colonial mints were the earliest coins brought in by the galleons from Mexico and other Spanish colonies. The silver dos mundos or pillar dollar is considered one of the world’s most beautiful coins. The barilla, a crude bronze or copper coin worth about one centavo, was the first coin struck in the country. Coins from other Spanish colonies also reached the Philippines and were counterstamped. Gold coins with the portrait of Queen Isabela were minted in Manila. Silver pesos with the profile of young Alfonso XIII were the last coins minted in Spain.The pesos fuertes, issued by the country’s first bank, the El Banco Espanol Filipino de Isabel II, were the first paper money circulated in the country. Revolutionary Period (1898-1899) Asserting its independence, the Philippine Republic of 1898 under General Emilio Aguinaldo issued its own coins and paper currency backed by the country’s natural resources . One peso and five peso notes printed as Republika Filipina Papel Moneda de Un Peso and Cinco Pesos were freely circulated. 2 centimos de peso copper were also issued in 1899. The American Period (1900-1941) The Americans instituted a monetary system for the Philippine based on gold and pegged the Philippine peso to the American dollar at the ratio of 2:1. The US Congress approved the Coinage Act for the Philippines in 1903.The coins issued under the system bore the designs of Filipino engraver and artist, Melecio Figueroa. Coins in denomination of one-half centavo to one peso were minted. The renaming of El Banco Espanol Filipino to Bank of the Philippine Islands in 1912 paved the way for the use of English from Spanish in all notes and coins issued up to 1933. Beginning May 1918, treasury certificates replaced the silver certificates series, and a one-peso note was added. The Japanese Occupation (1942-1945) The outbreak of World War II caused serious disturbances in the Philippin e monetary system. Two kinds of notes circulated in the country during this period. The Japanese Occupation Forces issued war notes in big denominations.Provinces and municipalities, on the other hand, issued their own guerrilla notes or resistance currencies, most of which were sanctioned by the Philippine government in-exile, and partially redeemed after the war. The Philippine Republic A nation in command of its destiny is the message reflected in the evolution of Philippine money under the Philippine Republic. Having gained independence from the United States following the end of World War II, the country used as currency old treasury certificates overprinted with the word â€Å"Victory†. With the establishment of the Central Bank of the Philippines in 1949, the first currencies issued were the English series notes printed by the Thomas de la Rue & Co. , Ltd.in England and the coins minted at the US Bureau of Mint. The Filipinazation of the Republic coins and paper money began in the late 60’s and is carried through to the present. In the 70’s, the Ang Bagong Lipunan (ABL) series notes were circulated, which were printed at the Security Printing Plant starting 1978. A new wave of change swept through the Philippine coinage system with the flora and fauna coins initially issued in 1983. These series featured national heroes and species of flora and fauna. The new design series of banknotes issued in 1985 replaced the ABL series. Ten years later, a new set of coins and notes were issued carrying the logo of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.

Foreign Direct Investment Essay

Today, the traits of foreign investment have change than it was for two decades. Then it was mainly followed by the â€Å"multinational† companies to build their image. Foreign investment was never deemed as an autonomous â€Å"economic activity†, in fact I was always conceived to be a procedure to assist in trade related activities. However, one can not perceive â€Å"foreign direct investment† as an assistant to trading activities. It is necessary for the growth and development of capital that the resources should be efficiently distributed and apportioned. Nowadays, the flow of capital is against the expectations, as most of the capital moves towards the â€Å"developed countries†. (Konrad, 2000) The fact is that excessive flows of capital must have been initiative in the â€Å"developing countries†. These have the dire need of direct capital investments for development and reconstruction. Although, developing countries do have room for these types of investments, the presence of high â€Å"risks† there discourages high foreign investments. Hence, one can say that today the largest piece of work is to introduce reforms in the process of capital distribution. Being a new concept all the â€Å"large and small† countries adopted â€Å"foreign direct investment† with great â€Å"concern† and doubts. Today it is a part of the aims of the companies to facilitated and sustain foreign direct investment. Large enterprises go for external investments. However, the availability of â€Å"mutual fund† has facilitated foreign investment to the â€Å"small investors†. (Konrad, 2000) Today, most of the developing countries are experiencing high capital flows. In other wards one can say that foreign direct investment is the major source of capital availability in the developing countries. It has even taken over the funds provided by the government and â€Å"multinational† banks for development and reconstruction of the developing countries. About one third of the investments in developing countries are actually done by the international investors. Recently, the flows of capital form the â€Å"developed† to the developing countries have spiked causing the positive outcome of the investments from the OECD to the â€Å"non-OECD† countries. (Konrad, 2000)   The increasing importance of the â€Å"foreign direct investment† has increased the demand for the creation of an international investment platform. Investment is actually functioning of economics that enjoy high social importance. It also assists in the achievement of maintenance and growth of the countries. The role of policies in the sustainability of investment in the develop countries helps to form â€Å"Market disciplines†. It is for this reason that most of the â€Å"policy-makers† rely upon it in the development of the policies. (Konrad, 2000) The lust of making money has many dire implications. The US government’s stances to raise the investment prospects resulted in high reception of taxes during 1992-1998. This increase in the â€Å"value† of investment areas termed quite profitable for the US. It got the chance to overcome its â€Å"budget deficit†, to build an appreciable budget for defense purpose; it also helped the US government to make certain national and international investments. That ultimately led to its development and strong economic presence in the world. However, the situation is opposite in the â€Å"developing countries†. There the â€Å"policy makes† are facing many difficulties in the investment and development of society mainly because of the availability of limited capital inflows. (Konrad, 2000) The greater increase of Foreign Direct investment among OECD countries-â€Å"Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development†- show that the OECD do have some stake in such type of investments. In fact the most of the foreign direct investment in developing countries is actually a result of the investment done by the OECD countries. Notwithstanding, yet OECD countries have not adopted a â€Å"multilateral agreement† for such type of investment. These types of investments can only be facilitated and practice by following the â€Å"guidelines† set by the United Nations.   The policies adopted by the European Union for the implementation of foreign direct investment are totally different from other countries. Most of the â€Å"treaties† and policies followed by the EU member states preserve â€Å"foreign direct investment† in them. The EU countries cannot sign or â€Å"negotiate† any â€Å"multilateral† investment proposal individually. However they can form a â€Å"bilateral† investment proposal individually. (Konrad, 2000) The well known matter of foreign direct investment is â€Å"home state†. This principle refers to a country’s ability to hold the investment made by its investors in some other country. This principle have stake in the foreign investment even after completely depending upon the â€Å"state responsibility principles† and the involvement of diplomats.   This principle proves that both investments and trades have different implications. (Konrad, 2000) Foreign direct investment is in many ways necessary for attaining â€Å"development† which can be maintained for a longer period of time. Unfortunately. most of the current investment policies and the framework are not properly maintained. A proper â€Å"investment† is required to take over them. Therefore, a collective â€Å"international investment regime† is required to facilitated and make public foreign direct investment. Today, due to increase in the direct investment from foreign countries developed countries have a limited share in the investment GDP than they had during the â€Å"Environment and Development Conference† conducted by the UN. Today, countries like â€Å"Brazil, China, Chile, Argentina and Mexico† have a big share in the implications of foreign direct investment. However, it is not reliable for a country to totally rely upon this type of investment. Using such type of investment to develop funds ends finishes all its resources. (Konrad, 2000) This may affect the ability of the country to invest for maintaining its development. In other words the outflow of capital should be directed towards the developing or underdeveloped countries. Up till now all the initiations to constitute an â€Å"international investment regime† have failed only because of the divergence of perspectives among the United Nations and the OECD.   United Nation has mainly focused upon the duties of the â€Å"multinational corporations† however the OECD countries are concerned with the â€Å"Investors rights† to introduce reforms in their investment’s security. (Konrad, 2000) Today, it is really necessary to differentiate between the â€Å"rights† and duties of the private and public sector investors. Unfortunately, none of the current international corporations are following this approach to attain compatible foreign direct investments for their country. It is necessary for most of the â€Å"international† corporations to build an equilibrium investment policy. Only then a capable foreign direct investment policy can be developed and implemented. Moreover, â€Å"the relationship between the investor† and the country been invested in is different from the relationship between the exporting country and the importing country. It is obligatory upon the investors to attaint the investing rights of the country, he wishes to invest in.   And it is for this reason the development of an international investment platform is necessary. (Konrad, 2000) For the implementation of the foreign direct investment and the solution of wars it is necessary to have a publicaly legitimized system. It will assist in the proper functioning of the investment platform. Foreign direct investment will pave ways for the development of a platform where investment treaties could be building. A pact have been designed properly can help to meet the policies of foreign investments. These pacts will make the aims of the â€Å"foreign direct investment† platform more clear and applicable. However, the outcome of these types of small and big agreements will be the formation of â€Å"regime† that would be easily accept and implement the changes in the foreign direct investment. Up till now all the initiatives taken by â€Å"World Bank, WTO, and UN† to facilitate these investments have failed. In fact the difference of opinion among the policy makers resulted in the deadlock. Although the organization built for the just implementation of the foreign direct investment must be predictable and flexible for larger duration. (Konrad, 2000) Foreign direct investment has shown subsequent increase during last 10 years. It is believed that many factors are responsible for this increase.   To get increased capital flows from public and â€Å"private† sector and the formation of liberal â€Å"global financial system† helped in the â€Å"development and globalization† of product manufacturing. The cause for the raise in the flow of â€Å"long-term investments† towards the south is the growing interest of â€Å"public and private† investors in the region. Especially, most of the public departments and officials showed great interest for the international investments. These investments were supposed to assist in countries development and reconstruction. Foreign investments usually undermine the domestic industry. Therefore, most of the â€Å"developing countries† build certain rules and regulation for the foreign investors. These initiatives were only taken to preserve and develop the â€Å"domestic industry†. Admittedly, increasing autonomy of finance and trade as well as the growing prospects of investments has resulted in the formation of â€Å"new† atmosphere that assists in the arrival of foreign investments.   Notwithstanding, â€Å"global economy† has also played a great role to introduce new prospects in the spheres of foreign direct investments. The increase in the â€Å"intra firm trade and internationalization of production† has been actually resulted form the growing competition among the â€Å"multinational corporations (MNC)†. With the globalization the multinational organizations are also growing. Foreign direct investments are necessary for the Multinational corporations so that they can raise their competitive popularity and explore their business to the â€Å"new markets†. All the factor relating to the â€Å"demand and supply† of the foreign investments are necessary for the development of foreign direct investments (FDI). FDI involves less â€Å"risks† than other investment programs. It is for this reason that today the supply of investments and the process of â€Å"lending† are dominated by the FDIs. Although, most of the Asian countries were badly affect by the â€Å"financial crises† of 1990s, even then they enjoyed heavy â€Å"inflow† of foreign direct investments. Explicitly, most of the multinational corporations –that rely upon the exports- do not need inflow of capital for the â€Å"production† of their produce. However, the decreased in the value of â€Å"local† currency has resulted in the demand for foreign investment. It is for this reason that an environment for the foreign direct investments is progressing. Today, the competition in the â€Å"trade, transportation and telecommunication† sectors has rocketed globally. Therefore, in order to remain in the race most of the corporations have to depend upon the â€Å"Relative factor cost†. Countries more anxious to attain foreign direct investment try to make their domestic product international and to make adjustment in their infrastructure globally. This approach usually adopted by the countries where there is expensive labor.   Mostly, the ideology of â€Å"export and intra-firm trade† is linked with the â€Å"efficiency seeking† foreign direct investments. In most of â€Å"service sector† foreign direct investment is used for the formulation and implementation of â€Å"market-seeking and resource-seeking† plans. (Odele, 2001) Mostly companies willing to explore â€Å"new markets† bring the FDIs in service sector. Major aspects of the foreign direct investment is the â€Å"geographical† closeness of the developing and â€Å"new† markets. This approach is usually adopted by the corporations, want to capture and attract â€Å"new consumers†. Most the companies that want to attain â€Å"global† market adopt â€Å"cross-border† strategies for foreign investments. These strategies are based upon the â€Å"acquisition and merger (M& A)† of international firms. Mostly corporations in the â€Å"banking, telecommunications, pharmaceuticals and insurance† sector adopt M&A approach for FDI. In 1997 the merger and acquisition approach was considered the major cause of the â€Å"inflow† of the foreign direct investment in the industrial sectors. According to survey conducted by UNCTAD â€Å"mergers and acquisition† cover â€Å"three-fifth† of the foreign direct investment in the global markets. This approach has also resulted in the concession of industries in the global market. Due to increase in foreign direct investments the â€Å"productions† in the foreign market raised to $3.5 trillion. However, â€Å"global sales† show that the â€Å"international productions† have risen to $9.5 trillion. This increase in production has resulted in the increase of the GDP to about 7%. Ultimately, it seems that today foreign investments account for â€Å"one-third† of worldly â€Å"exports†. (Odele, 2001) As most of the alternatives of the inflows of capital form the foreign market decreased in 1980s, the demand for foreign direct investment surged. Initially, most of the â€Å"domestic industries† of the south countries was preserved by the â€Å"high tariffs† and restricted interference of investors form the international market. Up till now most of the â€Å"developing countries† have worked really hard to protect their â€Å"domestic† industries from the empowering of international firms. Different rules and regulation were implement in this regard e.g. heavy tariffs were demanded from foreign investors. They were allowed to invest in only limited sectors. Property rights were also denied to the foreign investors. (Odele, 2001) However, it is amid 1998s that these countries realized the importance of FDIs. Therefore, they liberalized foreign direct investment to some extent; most of the autonomy was provided in the â€Å"export oriented† sector. So that it can be compete in the international market and bring heavy reserves in the country. Yet foreign direct investors were denied independence in the other â€Å"domestic† sector. The â€Å"financial crises† of Asia was also a reason to liberalized FDIs. This crisis proved that investments for â€Å"long term† are more profitable than the â€Å"short-term investments†.   The best example in this regard is of Mexico. Who faced great loss in for its â€Å"short-term† investment plans during the financial crises? (Odele, 2001) According to â€Å"endogenous growth theory† foreign direct investments facilitates development of economy by providing â€Å"Scarce capital, technology and skills†. These three serve as elements for the creation of capital in a country. (Odele, 2001) Initially FDI were concerned to be affects the economy of the â€Å"host† country positively. But the experiment in this regards have proved that it is difficult to maintain these positive impacts of FDI upon a country’s economy. It is for this reason the response of the â€Å"host governments† towards the FDI is ambiguous. The involvement of government and proper policies can help to bring positive results of FDI. All the experiments towards the FDI are not positive but some researches have also proved negative impacts of FDI upon the domestic industry and economic growth of the country. Hence, many countries design their FDI policies with great concern. (Odele, 2001) FDI is a crucial element in the â€Å"economic development† of developing and under developed countries. Though it is true that FDI helpful in the production of â€Å"new technologies†, providing employment opportunities, facilitates international market accessibility etc. it is also termed as a major cause for the downfall of environmental peace, it badly thwarts the equality of culture and society and disrupts the association with the local governments with the economy.   (Annie et al, 2000)